奥氮平
| 臨床資料 | |
|---|---|
| 商品名 | Zyprexa及其他[1] |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a601213 |
| 核准狀況 | |
| 懷孕分級 |
|
| 给药途径 | 口服給藥, 肌肉注射 |
| 藥物類別 | 非典型抗精神病藥物 |
| ATC碼 | |
| 法律規範狀態 | |
| 法律規範 |
|
| 藥物動力學數據 | |
| 生物利用度 | 60–65%[6][7][8] |
| 血漿蛋白結合率 | 93%[9] |
| 药物代谢 | 肝臟 (直接葡萄糖醛酸化和由CYP1A2介導的氧化) |
| 生物半衰期 | 33小時, 51.8小時 (年長者)[9] |
| 排泄途徑 | 尿液 (57%,其中7%為藥物原型), 糞便 (30%)[9][10] |
| 识别信息 | |
| |
| CAS号 | 132539-06-1 |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.125.320 |
| 化学信息 | |
| 化学式 | C17H20N4S |
| 摩尔质量 | 312.44 g·mol−1 |
| 3D模型(JSmol) | |
| 熔点 | 195 °C(383 °F) |
| 水溶性 | 幾乎不溶於水 |
| |
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奧氮平 (INN:olanzapine),以Zyprexa等品牌名稱於市場上銷售,是一種非典型抗精神病藥物,主要用於治療思覺失調症和雙向障礙(躁鬱症)。中国大陆销售的奥氮平制剂包括:国产的欧兰宁、悉敏和进口的再普乐(Zyperxa);在台灣的商品名為金平膜衣錠(Zypine)、津普速、金菩薩/金普薩(Zyprexa zydis)口溶錠。[12]它有時也被醫界作仿單標示外使用,用於治療化療引起的噁心和嘔吐[13]以及作為食慾促進劑。[14]對於思覺失調症,奧氮平可用於新發病症狀的治療和長期維持治療。[12]
使用後常見的副作用有:顯著體重增加、疲倦、頭暈、便秘、口乾和靜坐不能(煩躁不安)。[12]其他副作用則有:直立性低血壓、過敏反應、抗精神藥物惡性症候群、糖尿病、癲癇發作和遲發性運動不能。[12]在患有失智症的老年人中,使用此藥物會增加死亡風險。[12]個體於懷孕後期使用可能會導致嬰兒在出生後的一段時間內出現運動障礙。[12]已知它能阻斷多巴胺和血清素受體,但作用機制尚未完全釐清。[12]
奧氮平於1991年取得專利,並於1996年在美國獲准用於醫療用途。[12][15]市場上有其通用名藥物(學名藥)販售。[12]於2023年,它是美國處方量排名第167位的藥物,累積處方箋數量超過300萬張。[16][17]該藥物已列入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中。[18]
醫療用途
[编辑]奧氮平已獲美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)批准用於以下適應症:
- 思覺失調症。
- 雙向障礙I型相關的躁狂或混合發作的急性治療,以及雙向障礙I型的維持性治療。
- 作為鋰鹽或丙戊酸鹽的輔助用藥,用於治療與雙向障礙I型相關的躁狂或混合發作。
- 奧氮平與氟西汀組合為複方藥(商品名稱:Symbyax),用於治療雙向障礙I型的抑鬱發作和難治型抑鬱症。[19][20][21][3]
- 奧氮平與薩米多芬組合為複方藥(商品名稱:Lybalvi),用於治療思覺失調症和雙向障礙I型。Lybalvi能抑制奧氮平的代謝副作用。更確切地說,奧氮平在短期內會導致使用者約9公斤(20磅)的體重增加,而長期使用後通常會增加到23–45公斤(50–100磅)。而使用Lybalvi只會導致約5公斤(11磅)的體重增加,之後這種增加的趨勢會停止或是減緩。[22]
奧氮平也作仿單標示外使用,用於治療化療引起的噁心和嘔吐。[13]
思覺失調症
[编辑]治療思覺失調症的一線藥物是抗精神病藥物。[24]奧氮平作為抗精神病藥物,似乎能有效減輕思覺失調症的症狀,治療急性發作,並治療早發性思覺失調症。[25][26][27][28]然而在維持性治療的有效性難以確定,因為超過半數的試驗參與者在6週完成日期前便退出。[29]使用奧氮平(或氯氮平)治療,與大多數其他用於治療思覺失調症的第二代抗精神病藥物相比,可能會導致體重增加,以及葡萄糖和膽固醇水平升高。[26][30]
雙向障礙
[编辑]英國國家健康與照護卓越研究院(NICE)推薦奧氮平作為治療雙向障礙急性躁狂發作的一線療法。[31]其他推薦的一線療法還有阿立哌唑、氟哌啶醇、喹硫平和利培酮。[32]
奧氮平與氟西汀聯合,被推薦作為治療急性雙向障礙抑鬱的一線療法。而奧氮平單獨使用時,則被推薦作為雙向障礙維持治療的二線療法。[31]
加拿大情緒與焦慮症治療網絡(Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatment,一由加拿大致力於改善情緒與焦慮症患者臨床護理的學術界和臨床專家所組成的組織)推薦奧氮平作為雙向障礙的一線維持性治療,而奧氮平與氟西汀的組合則被推薦作為雙向障礙抑鬱的二線治療。[33]
於2006年有一篇關於奧氮平作為雙向障礙維持療法療效的回顧性文章發表。[34]一項於2014年發表的統合分析,對九種治療雙向障礙抑鬱的方法,認為其中奧氮平與氟西汀的組合最為有效。[35]
特定人群
[编辑]懷孕與哺乳
[编辑]奧氮平在所有非典型抗精神病藥物中的胎盤暴露程度最高。[36]儘管如此,現有證據顯示其在懷孕期間使用,對於胎兒屬於安全,但這些證據的強度不足以提供高度確信的結論。[36]奧氮平與體重增加相關,根據近期研究,這可能使服用奧氮平的患者產下的後代出現神經管缺陷(例如脊柱裂)的風險升高。[37][38]不建議服用奧氮平的婦女進行哺乳,因為奧氮平會分泌到母乳中,一項研究發現嬰兒的暴露量約為母親的1.8%。[9]
老年人
[编辑]英國藥品安全委員會於2004年引用中風風險增加的理由而發佈一項警告,指出奧氮平和利培酮這兩種非典型抗精神病藥物不應給予患有失智症的老年患者。[39]在美國,奧氮平附有黑框警告,警示其會增加老年患者的死亡風險。該藥物並未獲准用於治療與失智症相關的精神病。英國廣播公司(BBC)於2008年6月進行一項調查,發現英國醫生們普遍忽視這項建議。[40]有證據顯示老年人服用奧氮平後比服用阿立哌唑和利培酮更有可能出現體重增加。[41]
不良反應
[编辑]使用奧氮平最主要的副作用是體重增加,在某些情況下可能非常顯著,並伴隨血脂和血糖水平紊亂(參見本文中"代謝影響"部分)。於2013年對15種抗精神病藥物的療效和耐受性進行的統合分析,發現在導致體重增加的傾向方面,奧氮平是其中最高的,標準化平均差(SMD)為0.74。[25]雖然可能很嚴重,但在服用奧氮平後並不常見錐體外症狀。[42]不過仍可能包括震顫和肌肉僵硬。
儘管奧氮平會導致催乳素在早期出現與劑量相關的升高,但其發生頻率和程度都低於使用氟哌啶醇,且通常為暫時性。服用利培酮的患者中超過90%會出現催乳素升高,服用奧氮平的患者約有一半會出現此現象,而持續性升高的情況較為少見。[43]
不建議透過肌肉注射方式用於急性心肌梗塞、心跳過緩、近期接受心臟手術、嚴重低血壓、病竇症候群和不穩定型心絞痛的患者。[44]
幾個特定患者群體使用奧氮平和一般抗精神病藥物時,其副作用風險會更高。奧氮平可能會在糖尿病患者中引起顯著的高血糖。同樣地,老年人發生跌倒和意外受傷的風險較高。年輕男性則出現肌張力障礙反應的風險更高,但這類情況在服用奧氮平時相對罕見。大多數抗精神病藥物,包括奧氮平在內,都可能擾亂人體的自然體溫調節系統,因此在特定情況下(如暴露於高溫或劇烈運動)體溫可能升高至危險水平。[9][10][45][3][2]
其他可能的副作用還有乳溢症、閉經、男性乳腺發育和勃起功能障礙(陽痿)。[46]
代謝影響
[编辑]FDA要求非典型抗精神病藥物必須包含關於高血糖症和糖尿病風險的警告,這兩者都是代謝症候群的影響因素。這些影響可能與藥物導致體重增加的能力有關,但也有報告指出,在沒體重增加的情況下也發生代謝變化。[47][48]研究顯示奧氮平引起和加劇糖尿病的風險,較另一種常用處方的非典型抗精神病藥物 - 利培酮更高。根據各種衡量指標,奧氮平在所有非典型抗精神病藥物中最有可能導致顯著的體重增加。[49][50][51][52][53]這種奧氮平所引起的代謝副作用效應在人體和動物模型中,都顯示出劑量依賴性。[54]有一些關於奧氮平引起糖尿病酮酸中毒的病例報告。[55]奧氮平可能會降低胰島素敏感性,[56][57]而有一項為期三週的研究似乎反駁這一點。[58]它也可能增加三酸甘油酯的水平。[50]
雖然使用奧氮平會導致體重增加,但由美國國家精神衛生研究院資助的一項大型多中心隨機研究發現其在控制症狀方面表現更佳,因為患者會更有可能持續使用此藥物。[59]一項小型、開放標籤、非隨機研究顯示服用口溶錠形式的奧氮平可能導致較少的體重增加,[60]但此結論尚未在盲法實驗環境中得到證實。
注射後譫妄/鎮靜症候群
[编辑]注射後譫妄/鎮靜症候群(Postinjection delirium/sedation syndrome,簡稱 PDSS)是一種罕見的症狀,特別是由奧氮平的長效注射劑型 - 奧氮平帕莫酸鹽(olanzapine pamoate)造成。[61]奧氮平帕莫酸鹽引發PDSS的比率估計約為每次給藥的0.07%,[61]其他第二代長效抗精神病藥物(例如:帕利哌酮棕櫚酸酯)則無同樣的風險。PDSS的特徵是譫妄(例如:混亂、言語困難和動作不協調)和鎮靜的症狀。[61]大多數PDSS患者同時表現出譫妄和鎮靜兩種症狀(83%)。[61]大多數病例(67%)都會有一種全身性不適的感覺,但並不一定就是PDSS。[61]PDSS可能因奧氮平帕莫酸鹽意外注射,而吸收進入血液後而發生,導致藥物的作用比從肌肉組織中緩慢釋出時更快。[61]使用正確的肌肉注射技術有助於降低PDSS的風險,但無法完全排除。[61]因而FDA建議,接受奧氮平帕莫酸鹽注射的患者,在給藥後應觀察三小時,以預防PDSS萬一發生。[61]
動物毒理學
[编辑]在多項研究中,當雌性小鼠和大鼠長期接觸奧氮平時,顯示會有致癌作用,但在雄性小鼠和大鼠身上則沒有。所發現的腫瘤位於這些動物的肝臟或乳腺中。[62]
停藥
[编辑]英國國家藥物處方集建議在停用抗精神病藥物時應採逐步減量的方式,以避免出現急性戒斷症候群或快速復發。[63]常見的戒斷症狀有噁心、嘔吐和食慾不振。[64]其他症狀有煩躁不安、出汗增加和睡眠困難。[64]較不常見的症狀有眩暈、麻木或肌肉疼痛。[64]這些症狀通常在短時間內會自行消退。[64]
初步證據顯示停用抗精神病藥物可能導致精神病,此為一種暫時性的戒斷症狀。[65]也有可能導致原先治療的病症復發。[66]此外,在極少數情況下,停藥時可能出現遲發性運動不能。[64]
過量
[编辑]過量的症狀包括心跳過速、煩躁不安、構音困難、意識減退和昏迷。據報有服用450毫克急性過量後死亡的案例,但也有服用2000毫克急性過量後存活的案例。[67]驗屍報告顯示死亡通常發生在奧氮平血漿濃度超過1,000奈克/毫升時,最高記錄濃度為5,200奈克/毫升(不過可能有死後組織釋放奧氮平到血液中的情況)。[68]目前沒有已知的奧氮平過量特效解毒劑,即使是醫生也被建議聯繫認證的毒物控制中心以獲取治療此類病例的資訊。[67]奧氮平在過量時被認為是中度中毒,毒性高於喹硫平、阿立哌唑和選擇性5-羥色胺再攝取抑制劑 (SSRIs),但低於單胺氧化酶抑制劑和三環類抗抑鬱藥。[36]
交互作用
[编辑]會增加酵素CYP1A2活性的藥物或物質(特別是吸菸)可能會顯著增加奧氮平的肝臟首度代謝,反過來,會抑制CYP1A2活性的藥物(例如:環丙沙星、氟伏沙明)則可能會減少奧氮平的清除率。[69]卡馬西平(一種已知的酵素誘導劑)已證實會使奧氮平的濃度/劑量比相較於單獨使用奧氮平時降低33%。[68]另一種酵素誘導劑利托那韋,因其能誘導酵素CYP1A2和尿苷-5'-二磷酸-葡糖醛酸轉移酶(UGT)的活性,也被證實會減少人體對奧氮平的吸收。[68]丙磺舒會增加奧氮平的總暴露量(曲線下面積)和血漿峰值濃度。[68]奧氮平的代謝包含CYP2D6這個次要代謝途徑,但CYP2D6抑制劑氟西汀的存在,對奧氮平的清除率沒有臨床上的顯著影響。[68]
奧氮平已被用作致幻劑解毒劑,以阻斷血清素類迷幻藥(如賽洛西賓(裸蓋菇素)和麥角酸二乙醯胺(LSD))的作用。[70][71]
藥理學
[编辑]藥效學
[编辑]奧氮平最初是在尋找氯氮平的化學類似物時被發現的,當初的目標是找到一種不需要進行血液學監測的替代品。研究人員針對氯氮平其中一個苯環上的一系列噻吩等電子體進行研究後,發現這種噻吩苯二氮䓬類似物(即奧氮平)。[72]
藥代動力學
[编辑]代謝
[编辑]奧氮平主要由細胞色素P450 (CYP) 系統代謝,其中主要是同功酶1A2(CYP1A2),其次是 CYP2D6。平均超過40%的口服劑量在肝臟首渡效應中被清除。[42]奧氮平的清除率似乎因性別而異,女性的清除率大約比男性低25%。[68]清除率也因種族而異,在自認為是非裔美國人或黑人的群體中,奧氮平的清除率高出26%。[68]然而,在高加索人、華人或日本人之間,清除率並無明顯差異。[68]在通常情況下不建議常規進行奧氮平血漿水平的藥代動力學監測,除非是特殊情況(例如:存在藥物交互作用),或為確定患者是否按時服藥,才可能有需要。[68]
化學合成
[编辑]奧氮平的製備方法最早於1990年代由禮來公司在多項取得的專利文件中揭露。其最後兩個步驟為:
- 首先,在乙醇中以氯化亞錫(stannous chloride)將 5-甲基-2-[(2-硝基苯基)胺基]-3-噻吩甲腈還原,以得到取代的噻吩苯二氮䓬環系。
- 然後,將此環系與甲基哌嗪(methylpiperazine)在二甲亞碸(dimethyl sulfoxide)和甲苯的混合溶劑中反應,即可製得此藥物。[73]
社會與文化
[编辑]
法律地位
[编辑]奧氮平已獲FDA批准用於以下用途:
口服劑型:
- 用於成人的思覺失調症急性及維持治療。
- 用於成人的雙向障礙I型相關的躁狂或混合發作急性治療(單獨使用或與鋰鹽或丙戊酸鈉聯合使用)。
肌肉注射劑型:
- 用於成人思覺失調症和雙向障礙躁狂相關的急性激動症狀。
奧氮平與氟西汀的組合口服劑型:
- 用於成人與雙向障礙I型相關的急性抑鬱發作治療。
- 用於成人急性難治型抑鬱症的治療。[78]
- 治療精神病性障礙的表現(1996年9月 [79] - 2000年3月)。[80]
- 雙向障礙I型相關的急性躁狂發作的短期治療(2000年3月)。[80]
- FDA變更奧氮平的核准用途,將其從較廣泛的"精神病性障礙表現的管理"變為更具體的"思覺失調症的短期治療" 。(2000年3月)。[80]
- 用於維持思覺失調症患者的治療效果,特別是那些病情已穩定約八週,並在接下來長達八個月的時間裡接受追蹤的患者。(2000年11月)。[80]
此藥物在2011年有學名藥上市。商品名稱為Zyprexa(善思達)的奧氮平於2008年在美國的銷售額為22億美元,全球銷售額則為47億美元。[81]
爭議與訴訟
[编辑]禮來公司面臨許多訴訟,這些訴訟來自聲稱服用Zyprexa後患上糖尿病或其他疾病的民眾,以及來自各個政府實體、保險公司等。當訴訟於2004年啟動時,禮來公司在證據開示階段提交大量文件,這些文件被法官裁定為機密並予以封存,後來這些文件本身也成為訴訟標的。[82]
禮來公司於2006年支付7億美元,以與大約8,000起相關訴訟達成和解。[83]禮來於2007年初又以5億美元與約18,000起訴訟達成和解,使得該公司為此藥物相關訴訟支付的和解總金額達到12億美元。[84][85]
上述訴訟的和解及其法律層面的影響,都與持續到2010年才落幕的一系列動議和上訴息息相關。[86]這場複雜的法律糾紛,以及它如何衝擊美國精神病學與反精神病學的政治生態,都已由美國前律師詹姆斯·戈特斯坦撰寫,並在2021年出版的作品《善思達文件(The Zyprexa Papers)》中有完整記錄。[87]
品牌名稱
[编辑]奧氮平目前有各式學名藥,在全球以多個品牌名稱上市銷售。[1]
| A | Aedon, Alonzap, Amulsin, Anzap, Anzatric, Anzorin, Apisco, Apo-Olanzapine, Apo-Olanzapine ODT, Apsico, Arenbil, Arkolamyl |
| B | Benexafrina, Bloonis |
| C | Caprilon, Cap-Tiva, Clingozan |
| D | Deprex, Domus, Dopin |
| E | Egolanza, Elynza, Emzypine, Epilanz-10, Exzapine |
| F | Fontanivio, Fordep |
| G | |
| H | |
| I | Irropia |
| J | Jolyon-MD |
| K | Kozylex |
| L | Lanopin, Lanzapine, Lanzep, Lapenza, Lapozan, Lazap, Lazapir, Lazapix, Lezapin-MD, Lopez |
| M | Meflax, Midax, Medizapin |
| N | Niolib, Norpen Oro, Nykob, Nyzol |
| O | Oferta, Oferta-Sanovel, Olace, Oladay, Oladay-F, Olaffar, Olan, Olanap, Olancell, Olandix, Olandoz, Olandus, Olankline, Olanpax, Olanstad, Olanza, Olanza Actavis, Olanza Actavis ODT, Olanzalet, Olanzalux, Olanzamed, Olanzapin 1A Pharma, Olanzapin AbZ, Olanzapin Accord, Olanzapin Actavis, Olanzapin AL, Olanzapin Apotex, Olanzapin Aristo, Olanzapin axcount, Olanzapin beta, Olanzapin Bluefish, Olanzapin Cipla, Olanzapin easypharm, Olanzapin Egis, Olanzapin G.L., Olanzapin Genera, Olanzapin Genericon, Olanzapin Helvepharm, Olanzapin Hennig, Olanzapin Heumann, Olanzapin HEXAL, Olanzapin Krka, Olanzapin Lilly, Olanzapin Mylan, Olanzapin Niolib, Olanzapin Orion, Olanzapin PCD, Olanzapin PharmaS, Olanzapin Ranbaxy, Olanzapin ratiopharm, Olanzapin ReplekFarm, Olanzapin Rth, Olanzapin Sandoz, Olanzapin Spirig HC, Olanzapin Stada, Olanzapin SUN, Olanzapin Teva, Olanzapin Viketo, Olanzapin Zentiva, Olanzapina Accord, Olanzapina Actavis, Olanzapina Actavis PTC, Olanzapina Aldal, Olanzapina Almus, Olanzapina Alter, Olanzapina Angenerico, Olanzapina Anipaz, Olanzapina Apotex, Olanzapina APS, Olanzapina Arrowblue, Olanzapina Aspen, Olanzapina Aurobindo, Olanzapina Basi, Olanzapina Bexalabs, Olanzapina Blixie, Olanzapina Bluefish, Olanzapina Bluepharma, Olanzapina Cantabria, Olanzapina Ceapharma, Olanzapina Ciclum, Olanzapina Cinfa, Olanzapina Cipla, Olanzapina Combix, Olanzapina Doc Generici, Olanzapina Dr. Reddy's, Olanzapina Eulex, Olanzapina Eurogenerici, Olanzapina Fantex, Olanzapina Farmoz, Olanzapina Flas Pharma Combix, Olanzapina Genedec, Olanzapina Generis, Olanzapina Germed, Olanzapina Glenmark, Olanzapina Green Avet, Olanzapina Helm, Olanzapina Kern Pharma, Olanzapina Krka, Olanzapina La Santé, Olanzapina Labesfal, Olanzapina Leugim, Olanzapina Lilly, Olanzapina LPH, Olanzapina Mabo, Olanzapina Medana, Olanzapina Medis, Olanzapina Medley, Olanzapina Mylan, Olanzapina Nakozap, Olanzapina Nolian, Olanzapina Normon, Olanzapina Ozilormar, Olanzapina Parke-Davis, Olanzapina Pensa, Olanzapina Pensa Pharma, Olanzapina Pharmakern, Olanzapina Polipharma, Olanzapina Polpharma, Olanzapina Qualigen, Olanzapina Ranbaxy, Olanzapina Ratio, Olanzapina Ratiopharm, Olanzapina Reconir, Olanzapina Reddy, Olanzapina Rospaw, Olanzapina Sabacur, Olanzapina Sandoz, Olanzapina Sarb, Olanzapina Stada, Olanzapina Sun, Olanzapina TAD, Olanzapina Technigen, Olanzapina Terapia, Olanzapina Teva, Olanzapina Tevagen, Olanzapina tolife, Olanzapina Torrent, Olanzapina Vegal, Olanzapina Vida, Olanzapina Winthrop, Olanzapina Wynn, Olanzapina Kraz, Olanzapina Zentiva, Olanzapina Zerpi, Olanzapina Zonapir, Olanzapin-Actavis, Olanzapin-CT, Olanzapine 1A Pharma, Olanzapine Accord, Olanzapine Actavis, Olanzapine Adamed, Olanzapine Alter, Olanzapine Alvogen, Olanzapine Apotex, Olanzapine Arrow Génériques, Olanzapine Auro, Olanzapine Aurobindo, Olanzapine Biogaran, Olanzapine Bluefish, Olanzapine CF, Olanzapine Clonmel, Olanzapine Cristers, Olanzapine Dexcel, Olanzapine EG, Olanzapine Egis, Olanzapine Evolugen, Olanzapine Galenicum, Olanzapine Generichealth, Olanzapine Glenmark, Olanzapine GSK, Olanzapine Isomed, Olanzapine Jacobsen, Olanzapine Jubilant, Olanzapine Lekam, Olanzapine Lesvi, Olanzapine Medana, Olanzapine Mylan, Olanzapine Neopharma, Olanzapine Niolib, Olanzapine Nyzol, Olanzapine Odis Mylan, Olanzapine ODT Generichealth, Olanzapine ODT Sanis Health, Olanzapine ODT Teva, Olanzapine ODT-DRLA, Olanzapine Orion, Olanzapine Polpharma, Olanzapine Prasco, Olanzapine Ranbaxy, Olanzapine Ratiopharm, Olanzapine Sandoz, Olanzapine Sanis Health, Olanzapine Sanovel, Olanzapine Stada, Olanzapine Sun, Olanzapine Synthon, Olanzapine Teva, Olanzapine Torrent, Olanzapine Zentiva, Olanzapine Zentiva Lab, Olanzapine Zydus, Olanzapine-DRLA, Olzapine, Olanzia |
| P | Pinaz |
| Q | |
| R | |
| S | |
| T | |
| U | |
| V | |
| W | |
| X | |
| Y | |
| Z | Zyprexa, Zolafren, Zalasta, Zypine |
劑型
[编辑]奧氮平在許多國家銷售,有從2.5毫克到20毫克的錠劑。善思達(Zyprexa,以及學名藥)有口溶錠形式,能快速在口中唾液溶解。此外,它也有10毫克小瓶裝的肌肉注射劑型。[69]
研究
[编辑]奧氮平在治療多種精神及生理疾病方面顯示出潛在益處。[88]它能幫助神經性厭食症患者增加體重,並有助於管理癌症相關的厭食症。[14]
在思覺失調症和情感思覺失調症患者中,奧氮平能改善焦慮和抑鬱症狀。[89]此外,它在治療雙向障礙方面與鋰鹽或丙戊酸鹽同樣有效,且優於安慰劑。[90]奧氮平也被研究用於治療自閉症相關的行為問題,以及妥瑞氏症和口吃。[91]
雖然並不被建議,它常被作仿單標示外使用以治療失眠,但其潛在副作用如血脂異常和嗜中性白血球低下,可能超過對非精神疾病相關失眠的益處。[92][93][94][95]
奧氮平也被推薦用於止吐治療,特別是控制化療引起的噁心和嘔吐(CINV)。[96][97]
奧氮平在預防CINV方面,其效果與阿瑞匹坦相當,最常見的副作用是[[昏睡}嗜睡]]。[98]奧氮平在治療突破性CINV方面比甲氧氯普胺更有效,[99]且當被添加到帕洛諾司瓊、地塞米松和阿瑞匹坦的組合療法中時,效果也優於安慰劑的。[100]
奧氮平已被認為可用於思覺失調症的早期精神病治療。由美國國家精神衛生研究院和禮來公司資助的"透過風險識別、管理與教育進行預防"(Prevention through Risk Identification, Management, and Education)研究,以驗證奧氮平是否能預防處於極高風險的患者發展成精神病。該研究檢視60名患有思覺失調症前驅症狀的患者,他們在一年內發展成思覺失調症的風險估計為36%至54%。其中一半患者接受奧氮平治療,另一半則服用安慰劑。[101]在這項研究中,接受奧氮平治療的患者發展為精神病的風險並沒有顯著降低(16.1%對37.9%)。奧氮平在治療前驅症狀方面有效,但它與顯著的體重增加相關。[102]
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外部連結
[编辑]- Alex B. Lilly Settles With 18,000 Over Zyprexa. The New York Times. 2007-01-05.
- Zyprexa.com - official Zyprexa brand website from Eli Lilly and Company
- Zyprexa package insert(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Berenson A. Lilly Settles With 18,000 Over Zyprexa. The New York Times. 2006-12-17 [2020-05-02]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-29).
- 抗精神病药
- 抗抑郁药物
- 噻吩并二氮䓬
- Α2受体拮抗剂
- M2 receptor antagonists
- M3 receptor antagonists
- 5-HT2C拮抗剂
- 5-HT2B拮抗剂
- 5-HT2A拮抗剂
- 5-HT7拮抗劑
- Α1受體拮抗劑
- 脒
- D2拮抗劑
- D3拮抗劑
- D4拮抗劑
- H1受体拮抗剂
- H2受体拮抗剂
- 非典型抗精神病药
- 情绪稳定剂
- 世界卫生组织基本药物
- 4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl compounds
- 5-HT6 antagonists
- Appetite stimulants
- D1 antagonists
- D5 antagonists
- Delusional parasitosis
- Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company
- Hallucinogen antidotes
- M1 receptor antagonists
- M4 receptor antagonists
- M5 receptor antagonists
- Psychiatry controversies
- Thienobenzodiazepines