对乙酰氨基酚
| 臨床資料 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 读音 | Paracetamol: Acetaminophen: | ||
| 商品名 | 泰諾、Panado及其他[1] | ||
| 其他名稱 | N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP), acetaminophen (USAN US) | ||
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph | ||
| MedlinePlus | a681004 | ||
| 核准狀況 | |||
| 懷孕分級 | |||
| 给药途径 | 口服給藥, 靜脈注射, 直腸給藥 | ||
| 藥物類別 | |||
| ATC碼 | |||
| 法律規範狀態 | |||
| 法律規範 | |||
| 藥物動力學數據 | |||
| 生物利用度 | 63–89%[6]:73 | ||
| 血漿蛋白結合率 | 可忽略不計,而在過量時可達10-25%[7] | ||
| 药物代谢 | 絕大部分經由肝臟[10] | ||
| 代謝產物 | 乙醯胺酚葡萄糖醛酸鹽、乙醯胺酚硫酸鹽 、乙醯胺酚麩胱甘肽、N-花生四烯醯酚胺、N-乙醯對苯醌亞胺[8] | ||
| 藥效起始時間 | (口服)]: 37分鐘[9] (靜脈注射]): 8分鐘[9] | ||
| 生物半衰期 | 1.9–2.5小時[7] | ||
| 排泄途徑 | 腎臟[7] | ||
| 识别信息 | |||
| |||
| CAS号 | 103-90-2 | ||
| PubChem CID | |||
| IUPHAR/BPS | |||
| DrugBank | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| UNII | |||
| KEGG | |||
| ChEBI | |||
| ChEMBL | |||
| PDB配體ID | |||
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.002.870 | ||
| 化学信息 | |||
| 化学式 | C8H9NO2 | ||
| 摩尔质量 | 151.17 g·mol−1 | ||
| 3D模型(JSmol) | |||
| 密度 | 1.293 g/cm3 | ||
| 熔点 | 169 °C(336 °F) [11][12] | ||
| 水溶性 | |||
| |||
| |||
乙醯胺酚 [a](INN:paracetamol,也稱对乙酰氨基酚,有撲熱息痛的譯名,於美國採用名稱(USAN)和美國藥典(USP)中的名稱為acetaminophen[b] ),是一種非阿片類鎮痛藥和退燒藥,用於治療發燒以及輕度至中度疼痛[14][15]。它是一種普遍,且易於取得的非處方藥,於市場上販售的品牌名稱眾多,包括Tylenol(泰諾)和Panadol(普拿疼)。
乙醯胺酚可緩解急性輕度偏頭痛和陣發性緊縮型頭痛[16][17]。乙醯胺酚雖然能稍微幫助退燒[14][18][19],但其效果不如布洛芬[20]。此藥物在退燒方面的益處尚不明確,特別是在處理病毒性發燒時[21]。使用阿斯匹靈/乙醯胺酚/咖啡因組合而成的複方藥對輕微的急性輕度偏頭痛和緊縮型頭痛有療效,並被推薦作為一線治療方案[22]。乙醯胺酚於處理拔除智齒後的疼痛有效,但效果不如布洛芬的[23]。乙醯胺酚和布洛芬組合的複方藥比單獨使用其中任一藥物能發揮更大的鎮痛功效[23][24]。乙醯胺酚對骨關節炎的疼痛緩解效果很小,無臨床上的意義 [15][25]。支持用其處理下背痛、癌痛和神經性疼痛的證據不足[15][26][27][28][29][30]。乙醯胺酚是個體於懷孕期間治療疼痛和發燒的一線藥物,尚未確定其與胎兒的神經發展障礙有因果關係,而未經妥善治療的疼痛和發燒可能會傷害母親和胎兒[31][32][33]。
按照指示來短期使用乙醯胺酚既安全且有效[34]。短期使用後的不良反應並不常見,與使用布洛芬相似[35]。長期使用乙醯胺酚時,通常比使用非類固醇抗發炎藥(NSAIDs)更安全[36]。乙醯胺酚也常提供予那些不能耐受布洛芬等NSAIDs的患者使用[37][38]。長期服用乙醯胺酚可能會導致血紅素水平下降(此情況暗示有腸胃道出血的可能 [39]) ,以及導致肝功能測試異常(轉胺酶水平升高)。建議成人每日最大劑量是三到四克[26][40]。更高的劑量可能會導致毒性,包括出現肝衰竭 [41] 。乙醯胺酚中毒是西方世界中急性肝衰竭的首要原因,在美國、英國、澳大利亞和紐西蘭的藥物過量事件中有很高的佔比[42][43][44]。
乙醯胺酚最初由美國化學家哈蒙·N·摩爾斯於1878年製成,或可能是由法國化學家查爾斯·弗雷德里克·格哈特於1852年製成[45][46][47]。此藥物是美國和歐洲最常用於治療疼痛和發燒的藥物[48]。它已列入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中[49]。市面上有乙醯胺酚的通用名藥物(學名藥)販售,品牌名稱包括Tylenol和Panadol等[50]。它是美國於2023年排名第112最常處方的藥物,累計的處方箋數量超過500萬張[51][52]。
医疗用途
[编辑]退烧
[编辑]虽然乙醯胺酚是一种常用的退烧药[53] ,然而有关其退热效果的研究并不充分,尤其是在成人中的应用效果仍不明确。[14]有医学专家指出,可能存在对这种药物的退热用途过度处方的情况。[14]临床研究显示,乙醯胺酚在缓解普通感冒症状方面虽对鼻塞和流鼻涕有所帮助,但对喉咙痛、全身不適、打喷嚏和咳嗽等症状的效果较为有限。[54]
在重症监护中,与其他干预手段相比,乙醯胺酚仅能使体温降低约0.2-0.3°C,且未能降低患者的死亡率。[18]对于发热的脑卒中患者,该药物的效果也并不显著。[55]在脓毒症的治疗中,研究结果不一:部分研究表明可能增加死亡率,另一些研究则显示降低死亡率,甚至也有研究认为其对死亡率无影响。[18]在登革热的治疗中,乙醯胺酚不仅未显现显著疗效,反而增加了肝酶升高的风险,这可能预示对肝脏有损害。[56]因此目前不建议常规使用乙醯胺酚等退烧药来处理发热伴感染的住院患者。[21]
在儿科领域,乙醯胺酚的退热效果尚待明确。[57]医生建议不应单纯为退烧而使用该药,但对于发热并伴有明显不适的儿童可以酌情使用。[58]需要注意的是该药物无法预防热性惊厥。[58][59]在标准剂量下,仅能使体温下降约0.2°C,在急诊场景下作用较小。[14]因此部分医生建议适当增加剂量,以期达到0.7°C的降温效果。[19]研究还表明,在儿童退烧方面,乙醯胺酚效果稍逊于布洛芬,[60]这一差异在两岁以下儿童中同样存在,[61]但两种药物的安全性相当,它们对哮喘加重的风险也相似。[20]医生建议五岁以下儿童避免同时服用这两种药物,但在必要时可以交替使用。[58]
止痛
[编辑]乙醯胺酚主要用于缓解轻至中度疼痛,适用于头痛、肌肉酸痛、轻度关节炎疼痛、牙痛,以及因感冒、流感、扭伤和痛经引发的疼痛[62]。当前研究支持其在急性轻中度疼痛中的应用,但对于慢性疼痛的疗效尚缺乏足够证据[15]。
肌肉骨骼疼痛
[编辑]在骨关节炎和背痛等肌肉骨骼疼痛的治疗中,乙醯胺酚的疗效存在不确定性。[15]
研究显示,该药物对骨关节炎患者的帮助有限,临床效果并不显著。[15][26]美国风湿病学会和美國关节炎基金会的治疗指南指出,臨床試驗数据表明乙醯胺酚的疗效非常有限,对大多数患者帮助不大。[25]然而,对于无法使用NSAIDs的患者,指南仍建议可以短期或间歇性地使用乙醯胺酚,并强调长期服用者需定期检查肝功能。[25]欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)也对手部骨关节炎提出类似建议。[63]欧洲骨关节炎协会(ESCEO)则在其膝关节炎治疗方案中明确指出,乙醯胺酚仅适合用于短期的急性止痛。[64]
对于急性下背痛,乙醯胺酚的止痛效果有限。[15][27]对于慢性背痛或放射性背痛,由于缺乏充分的随机临床试验支持,尚不能确定其疗效。[28][26][27]
头痛
[编辑]在急性偏頭痛的治疗中,乙醯胺酚表现出较好的效果[16]:服药一小时后,约39%的患者疼痛得到缓解,而安慰剂组仅有20%见效。[65]值得一提的是,阿斯匹靈/乙醯胺酚/咖啡因的复方制剂效果更为显著,已被证实可作为偏头痛的一线用药。[22]
对于频繁发作的緊縮型頭痛,单独使用乙醯胺酚的效果相对有限。[17]然而,上述三联复方制剂效果明显优于单一用药和安慰剂:用药两小时后,29%的患者完全无痛,而单独使用乙醯胺酚的患者中仅21%达到这一效果,安慰剂组更低,只有18%。[66]德國、奥地利、瑞士三国的头痛协会和德国神经病学会将这一复方制剂列为紧张性头痛自我治疗的首选推荐,其中乙醯胺酚/咖啡因组合被列为首选,单纯乙醯胺酚则作为备选方案。[67]
牙科及术后止痛
[编辑]牙科手术后的疼痛常被用作评估止痛药效果的标准模型。[68]研究显示在此类疼痛的治疗中,布洛芬的效果优于乙醯胺酚。标准剂量的NSAIDs(如布洛芬、萘普生或双氯芬酸)在止痛效果上明显优于常用的乙醯胺酚/可待因复方制剂。[69]而乙醯胺酚与布洛芬或双氯芬酸的联合使用效果更好,可能优于单独使用其中任一种药物。[24][70][71]此外,乙醯胺酚/布洛芬组合效果或优于乙醯胺酚/可待因或布洛芬/可待因组合。[24]
一项涵盖牙科手术在内的术后疼痛研究显示,乙醯胺酚/可待因复方制剂效果显著优于单独使用乙醯胺酚:该复方制剂可为53%的患者提供明显的止痛效果,而安慰剂组仅有7%有效。[72]
其他类型疼痛
[编辑]在新生儿操作性疼痛的缓解方面,乙醯胺酚效果不佳。[73][74]对于产后会阴部疼痛,NSAIDs的效果显著优于乙醯胺酚。[75]
目前,乙醯胺酚在癌痛和神经病理性疼痛治疗中的应用研究尚不足。[29][30]在急诊科,静脉注射乙醯胺酚用于急性疼痛控制的效果有一定证据支持,但数据仍较有限。[76]研究显示乙醯胺酚与咖啡因的复方制剂在急性疼痛的治疗中效果优于单独使用乙醯胺酚。[77]
过量服用
[编辑]普遍认为正常剂量服用乙醯胺酚非常安全,无论对于幼儿还是成人。但是长期、过量服用乙醯胺酚可能造成不良后果。服用超过7.5克/日或150毫克/公斤(体重) 可能导致肝脏损害。患有肝脏疾病的患者服用乙醯胺酚应咨询医师。身体健康者服药期间也应避免饮酒。另有证据显示乙醯胺酚可能存在轻微的肾毒性,长期大剂量服用可能导致肾脏损害,故建议肾病患者服用含乙醯胺酚的药品应格外注意。
含乙醯胺酚的药品
[编辑]许多非处方药中都含有乙醯胺酚成分,這情況在世界各地都很普遍,因為一般西醫診所的醫生都會為病人處方多種藥物,并且很难从药品名称中得知其中是否含有乙醯胺酚。所以用量应计算所有服用的药品中的乙醯胺酚的用量,以免因為重覆服藥而出現藥物中毒。[78]
作用机制
[编辑]

至今,乙醯胺酚的作用机制还未完全被了解。主要的作用机制应该是对环氧化酶的抑制作用,近期的研究发现其对環氧合酶中的COX-2的选择性更强。[79]因为其对COX-2具有选择性,所以乙醯胺酚不会抑制血栓形成。[79]乙醯胺酚有止痛和退烧作用,这与阿斯匹靈等其他NSAIDs无异,但是乙醯胺酚的外周抗炎作用受到多种因素的制约,其中之一便是發炎中的过氧化物。然而,在某些情况下,可以观察其外周抗炎活性几乎与NSAIDs相同。
與NSAIDs相似,但是與阿片類藥物不同,乙醯氨酚不會讓人精神愉快或是改變心情。對醯氨酚和NSAIDs類藥物不會有令人上癮和產生依賴性的危險。乙醯氨酚的分子無對掌性,所以不會有旋光性。乙醯氨酚的兩個英文名字都來自於他的化學名稱“N-acetyl-para-aminophenol”(N-乙醯-對-氨基苯酚)和"para-acetyl-amino-phenol"(對乙醯氨基酚)。在某些文獻中,對乙醯氨基酚被簡記作"APAP"。
歷史
[编辑]乙醯苯胺是首個被發現具有鎮痛和退燒作用的苯胺衍生物,並於1886年以Antifebrin之名投入使用 [80] 。然而它會引起嚴重的正鐵血紅蛋白血症,導致使用者血液氧氣攜帶量下降和發紺等不可接受的毒性,[81]而促使人們尋找毒性較低的苯胺衍生物(如乙醯胺酚)。儘管如此,一些報告指出乙醯胺酚可能早在1852年就已由Cahn & Hepp或是法國化學家查爾斯·弗雷德里克·格哈特首次合成[46][47]。
哈蒙·N·摩爾斯於1877年在約翰霍普金斯大學合成乙醯胺酚[82][83]。直到1887年,德國臨床藥學家約瑟夫·馮·梅林才將其用於人體。[81]馮·梅林在1893年發表的研究報告[84]聲稱乙醯胺酚雖會引起輕微的正鐵血紅蛋白血症,但不如當時熱銷的非那西汀嚴重。然而乙醯胺酚卻遭到棄用,讓非那西汀持續熱銷,並確立拜耳公司的製藥領導地位 。[85]
馮·梅林關於乙醯胺酚的錯誤主張持續長達五十年[85] 。直到1947年,美國生物化學家大衛·萊斯特和利昂·格林伯格(Leon Greenberg)發現乙醯胺酚是乙醯苯胺在人體血液中的主要代謝物,並證明它不會引起正鐵血紅蛋白血症[86]。1948年,英國生物化學家伯納德·布羅迪、美國生物化學家朱利葉斯·阿克塞爾羅德等人確認乙醯胺酚具備與其前體同樣的鎮痛功效[87][88][89] ,並指出正鐵血紅蛋白血症主要是由另一代謝物苯胲所引起 。隨後的研究更證實非那西汀也會代謝為乙醯胺酚[90],最終促成乙醯胺酚被"重新發現" [81] 。
乙醯胺酚於1950年首次在美國以複方藥(與乙醯柳酸(阿斯匹靈)及咖啡因聯合)Trigesic之名上市 [83]。但1951年因有使用者因此罹患粒細胞缺乏症的報告而從市場撤出 [83]。乙醯胺酚經證實疾病與其無關之後,於1952年重返美國(作為處方藥) [91]。在英國,史特靈製藥在1956年開始用Panadol之名,以處方藥的形式銷售,並宣傳其對兒童和消化道潰瘍患者更為安全[92][93] 。乙醯胺酚自1963年被收錄於《英國藥典》後,因其副作用少和藥物交互作用小,而廣受歡迎[92][83] 。
人們一開始對乙醯胺酚的安全性有所顧慮,而延遲其能大規模普及,直到1970年代才被廣泛接受。乙醯胺酚進入1980年代,在包括英國在內的許多國家的銷量超過阿斯匹靈。與此同時,非那西汀被認為會導致鎮痛劑腎病和血液毒性,銷售開始衰落[81]。 乙醯胺酚自1955年[91](或另一來源提出的1960年[94])起在美國無需處方即可購得,成為常見的家庭常備藥。該藥物的非處方藥權利曾在幾家公司間轉手,最終於1994年被葛蘭素史克取得 [95] 。
由於人們擔心乙醯胺酚潛在的毒性影響,FDA諮詢委員會在2009年6月建議對其使用施加新的限制。委員會當時建議將成人單次最大劑量從1000毫克降至650毫克,並禁止乙醯胺酚與其他產品的組合,主要擔憂在於當時的最大劑量已被證實會引起肝功能改變[96]。
隨後FDA在2011年1月採取行動:
- 要求處方複方藥物製造商將每片或每粒膠囊的乙醯胺酚含量限制在不超過325毫克 。
- 開始要求所有處方複方乙醯胺酚產品更新標籤,以警告可能會導致嚴重肝臟損害的風險 [97][98][99][100][101] 。製造商有三年的時間來完成劑量限制[98][100]。
- 2011年11月,英國藥監局(MHRA)修訂兒童液體乙醯胺酚的劑量指南[102] 。
- 2013年9月,美國無限電台節目《This American Life》報導乙醯胺酚過量致死事件[103]。
- 隨後美國非營利新聞調查組織ProPublica發表報告,指稱FDA和泰諾製造商McNeil Consumer Healthcare(嬌生公司的一個部門)長期以來都知道藥物具有風險[104] ,且McNeil Consumer Healthcare曾一再反對設置為保護使用者的安全警告和劑量限制等措施[105]] 。
美國總統唐納德·川普和美國衛生及公共服務部部長小羅伯特·甘迺迪於2025年9月聲稱泰諾可能會導致自閉症,敦促孕婦避免使用。但醫學專家、主要衛生組織和國際研究強烈否認任何因果關係,強調該藥對於懷孕期間治療疼痛和發燒仍屬安全[106]。
社會與文化
[编辑]
名稱
[编辑]此藥物的INN名稱為paracetamol,而在美國採用名稱(USAN)和美國藥典(USP)中的名稱則為acetaminophen(依其化學名稱形成的簡稱為APAP),美國的藥劑師在配藥時會使用APAP這種首字母縮寫詞[107]。
乙醯胺酚的劑型與組合
[编辑]乙醯胺酚有口服、靜脈注射及直腸給藥等劑型[108] 。靜脈注射劑型在美國以Ofirmev品牌銷售[109] 。
它經常與類阿片藥物結合:
與可待因結合的藥物,常稱作co-codamol(英國核可名稱,BAN)或澳大利亞的Panadeine[110] 。
也可與雙氫可待因[111] 、羥考酮[112]或氫可酮 [113]結合。
其他組合包括與普帕西芬磺酸鹽(propoxyphene napsylate)[114] ,或與可待因和多西拉敏琥珀酸鹽(doxylamine succinate)的組合[115] 。
此外,乙醯胺酚有時會與鹽酸苯福林[117]結合,並可能加入第三種活性成分,如維生素C[117][118] 、咖啡因[119][120] 、馬來酸氯苯那敏[121]或愈創甘油醚[122][123][124] 。
兽医用途
[编辑]
貓
[编辑]乙醯胺酚對貓有劇毒性。因為貓缺乏分解乙醯胺酚所必要的UGT1A6酶。初期症狀包括嘔吐、流口水、呼吸急促以及舌頭與口腔變色。 與人類的乙醯胺酚中毒機理不同,肝損傷並不是主要死因。而是因為高鐵血紅蛋白的形成和其紅血球內大量產生海因茲小體,阻礙血的運氧功能,進而導致窒息(或稱正鐵血紅蛋白血症或溶血性貧血)。[125]
給予乙醯半胱氨酸[126]、亞甲藍或兩者合併有時候可對少量的乙醯胺酚誤食有效。
狗
[编辑]雖然獸醫界普遍認為乙醯胺酚沒有明顯的消炎藥效,臨床顯示其對於舒緩狗的肌肉骨骼痛比阿斯匹靈有效。[127]
一種乙醯胺酚-可待因產品(商品名Pardale-V)[128]在市面上有販售,並允許在獸醫、藥劑師或其他通過認證的專家指示下作為獸用藥。[128]惟該種藥應該在獸醫指示和極端審慎下對狗施用。[128]
乙醯胺酚對狗的主要毒性是肝損傷,另外也有消化道潰瘍的案例。[126][129][130]在誤食乙醯胺酚的兩小時內給予乙醯半胱氨酸是很有效的解毒手法。[126][127]
蛇
[编辑]乙醯胺酚對蛇有致命效果,而且在關島是對棕樹蛇(Boiga irregularis)的一種化學控制手段。[131][132]具體施用方法為將80 mg的乙醯胺酚注入到死老鼠體內作為毒餌,然後用直升機散佈。[133]
参见
[编辑]註記
[编辑]参考文献
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