大蒜素
| 大蒜素 | |
|---|---|
| 首选IUPAC名 2-propene-1-sulfinothioic acid S-2-propenyl ester | |
| 英文名 | Allicin |
| 别名 | 蒜辣素;蒜素;大蒜辣素;二烯丙基二硫-氧[S]化合物;大蒜新素 |
| 识别 | |
| CAS号 | 539-86-6 |
| PubChem | 65036 |
| ChemSpider | 58548 |
| SMILES |
|
| InChI |
|
| InChIKey | JDLKFOPOAOFWQN-UHFFFAOYAO |
| Beilstein | 1752823 |
| EINECS | 208-727-7 |
| ChEBI | 28411 |
| KEGG | C07600 |
| MeSH | Allicin |
| IUPHAR配体 | 2419 |
| 性质 | |
| 化学式 | C6H10OS2 |
| 摩尔质量 | 162.28 g·mol⁻¹ |
| 密度 | 1.112 g/cm3(20/4℃) |
| 熔点 | <25 °C |
| 沸点 | 80~85 °C(0.2kPa,分解) |
| 折光度n D |
1.561 |
| 若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 | |
大蒜素(英語:Allicin)是从石蒜科[1](2009年蒜隸屬的蔥亞科由《被子植物APG III分類法》併入石蒜科中,已不再屬於百合科)蔥亞科葱属植物大蒜(Allium Sativum)的鳞茎(大蒜头)中提取的一种有机硫化合物,也存在于洋葱和其他葱科植物中。[2]学名「二烯丙基硫代亚磺酸酯」(CH2=CH-CH2-S(=O)-S-CH2-CH=CH2)[2][3][4],硫代亚磺酸(R-S(=O)-S-R)一族。
性质
[编辑]大蒜素为淡黄色油状液体。具有强烈的大蒜臭、味辣。不溶于水,与乙醇、乙醚、苯、氯仿互溶。水溶液呈微酸性。对酸稳定,对热碱不稳定。蒸馏时分解。静置时有油状沉淀物产生。不稳定,23°C时可在16小时内分解。[5]
生产
[编辑]一般从大蒜的鳞茎(大蒜头)中提取,也可通过化学方法合成。用间氯过氧苯甲酸氧化二烯丙基二硫醚可得外消旋大蒜素。[4]
1944年首先由 Cavallito 分离出来。[6]
产生
[编辑]一般认为,大蒜素的产生过程是大蒜粉碎后它所含的不稳定的蒜氨酸(1)经蒜氨酶分解为烯丙次磺酸(2)和脱氢丙氨酸(3),
然后不稳定的脱氢丙氨酸(3)立即分解为丙酮酸和氨,而两分子烯丙次磺酸(2)则歧化为烯丙亚磺酸(4)与烯丙硫醇(5),它们继续失水生成大蒜素(6):[7]
大蒜形成风味的机理与葱头十分相似,但粉碎过程中不会生成具有催泪性的中间体硫丙醛-S-氧化物。大蒜素对昆虫和微生物有一定的毒性,它的产生是大蒜抵挡昆虫进攻的自我防御机制。[8]
分解
[编辑]大蒜素遇热分解为烯丙次磺酸(3)和烯丙硫醛(7),后者在常温下发生狄尔斯–阿尔德反应,二聚成3-乙烯基-1,2-二硫杂-5-环己烯(8)和2-乙烯基-1,3-二硫杂-5-环己烯(9)等。[9]

大蒜素在水和油介质中的分解产物有二烯丙基硫醚(包括二烯丙基一硫醚、二烯丙基二硫醚、二烯丙基三硫醚、二烯丙基四硫醚等)、乙烯基二噻己烯和阿藿烯等:[10]

代谢
[编辑]在体内很快被吸收。在血液中分解为烯丙硫醇(Allyl mercaptan)(2)。后被S-腺苷甲硫氨酸甲基化为甲基烯丙基硫醚(3),从肺中排出。
一般认为大部分烯丙硫醇会被氧化为烯丙磺酸,类似于从半胱氨酸到牛磺酸的转化过程。[10]

功效
[编辑]一些动物试验和体外试验表明大蒜素有抗菌[11]、抗真菌[6]、消炎、抗氧化[12][13][14]、抗血栓[15]、降血压[16][17]、维持脂蛋白平衡、防治动脉硬化[18][19]等功效。
一个2007年的临床试验结果是,对于胆固醇水平较高的病人,大蒜素不能降低血液胆固醇浓度。[20]
2009年,Vaidya、Ingold 和 Pratt 的研究表明大蒜素的生物功效主要是由大蒜素分解产生的2-丙烯次磺酸造成的,该化合物不稳定,很快便与体内的自由基发生反应使之失活。[21]
用途
[编辑]提纯的大蒜素可用作抗菌药、饲料添加剂、杀虫剂和杀菌剂。[22]
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Group, The Angiosperm Phylogeny. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009, 161 (2) [2025-11-30]. ISSN 1095-8339. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x (英语).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Block, Eric. The Chemistry of Garlic and Onions. Scientific American. 1985-03, 252 (3): 114-119 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 3975593. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0385-114.
- ^ Eric Block, "Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science" (Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Cremlyn, Richard James William. An introduction to organosulfur chemistry. Chichester; New York : Wiley. 1996. ISBN 978-0-471-95512-2.
- ^ Hahn, G; in Koch HP, Lawson LD, eds. Garlic: the science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L and related species (2nd edn). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. 1996: 1–24.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Cavallito, Chester J.; Bailey, John Hays. Allicin, the Antibacterial Principle of Allium sativum. I. Isolation, Physical Properties and Antibacterial Action. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1944-11, 66 (11): 1950-1951 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01239a048 (英语).
- ^ Stoll, A.; Seebeck, E. Über den enzymatischen Abbau des Alliins und die Eigenschaften der Alliinase. 2. Mitteilung über Allium‐Substanzen. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 1949-02, 32 (1): 197-205 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0018-019X. doi:10.1002/hlca.19490320129 (英语).
- ^ Allicin. Phytochemicals. [2009-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2009-09-25).
- ^ Calvey, E. M.; Roach, J. A. G.; Block, E. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts with Mass Spectrometric Identification of Allicin. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 1994-03-01, 32 (3): 93-96 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0021-9665. doi:10.1093/chromsci/32.3.93 (英语).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Dingermann, Theodor; Hänsel, Rudolf; Zündorf, Ilse (编). Pharmazeutische Biologie: molekulare Grundlagen und klinische Anwendung ; mit 52 Tabellen. Springer-Lehrbuch. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 2002. ISBN 978-3-540-42844-2.
- ^ Ankri, Serge; Mirelman, David. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and Infection. 1999-02-01, 1 (2): 125-129 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 1286-4579. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80003-3.
- ^ Sela, Uri; Ganor, Sharon; Hecht, Iris; Brill, Alexander; Miron, Talia; Rabinkov, Aharon; Wilchek, Meir; Mirelman, David; Lider, Ofer; Hershkoviz, Rami. Allicin inhibits SDF‐1α‐induced T cell interactions with fibronectin and endothelial cells by down‐regulating cytoskeleton rearrangement, Pyk‐2 phosphorylation and VLA‐4 expression. Immunology. 2004-04, 111 (4): 391-399 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0019-2805. PMC 1782446
. PMID 15056375. doi:10.1111/j.0019-2805.2004.01841.x (英语).
- ^ Macpherson, Lindsey J.; Geierstanger, Bernhard H.; Viswanath, Veena; Bandell, Michael; Eid, Samer R.; Hwang, SunWook; Patapoutian, Ardem. The Pungency of Garlic: Activation of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in Response to Allicin. Current Biology. 2005-05-24, 15 (10): 929-934 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.018 (英语).
- ^ Bautista, Diana M.; Movahed, Pouya; Hinman, Andrew; Axelsson, Helena E.; Sterner, Olov; Högestätt, Edward D.; Julius, David; Jordt, Sven-Eric; Zygmunt, Peter M. Pungent products from garlic activate the sensory ion channel TRPA1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2005-08-23, 102 (34): 11248-11252 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1189336
. PMID 16103371. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505356102 (英语).
- ^ Srivastava, K. C. Evidence for the mechanism by which garlic inhibits platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Medicine. 1986-06-01, 22 (3): 313-321 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0262-1746. doi:10.1016/0262-1746(86)90142-3.
- ^ Silagy, Christopher A.; W. Neil, H. Andrew. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure:. Journal of Hypertension. 1994-04, 12 (4): 463-468 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0263-6352. doi:10.1097/00004872-199404000-00017 (英语).
- ^ Elkayam, A. The effects of allicin on weight in fructose-induced hyperinsulinemic, hyperlipidemic, hypertensive rats. American Journal of Hypertension. 2003-12, 16 (12): 1053-1056 [2025-11-30]. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2003.07.011 (英语).
- ^ S. Eilat, Y. Oestraicher, A. Rabinkov, D. Ohad, D. Mirelman, A. Battler, M. Eldar and Z. Vered. Alteration of lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rabbits by allicin, an active constituent of garlic. Coron. Artery Dis. 1995, 6: 985–990.
- ^ Abramovitz, Dana; Gavri, Sagui; Harats, Dror; Levkovitz, Hanna; Mirelman, David; Miron, Talia; Eilat-Adar, Sigal; Rabinkov, Aharon; Wilchek, Meir; Eldar, Michael; Vered, Zvi. Allicin-induced decrease in formation of fatty streaks (atherosclerosis) in mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet:. Coronary Artery Disease. 1999, 10 (7): 515-519 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0954-6928. doi:10.1097/00019501-199910000-00012 (英语).
- ^ Gardner, Christopher D. Effect of Raw Garlic vs Commercial Garlic Supplements on Plasma Lipid Concentrations in Adults With Moderate Hypercholesterolemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007-02-26, 167 (4): 346-353 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 0003-9926. PMID 17325296. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.4.346 (英语).
- ^ Vaidya, Vipraja; Ingold, Keith U.; Pratt, Derek A. Garlic: Source of the Ultimate Antioxidants—Sulfenic Acids. Angewandte Chemie. 2009, 121 (1): 163-166 [2025-11-30]. ISSN 1521-3757. doi:10.1002/ange.200804560.
- ^ 大蒜辣素;蒜素;蒜辣素;大蒜素. 化工引擎. [2009-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2011-02-04).