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开颅手术

维基百科,自由的百科全书
(重定向自顱骨切開術
开颅手术
ICD-9-CM01.2
MeSHD003399

开颅手术(英語:Craniotomy),亦称穿颅术,是颅骨外科手术的一种,指通过机械设备打开患者颅骨进行的非常规治疗。由于开颅手术的高风险性,例如医生的失误操作导致患者脑损伤,这个手术本身也备受争议。

开颅手术与颅骨切除术(术中不立即放回骨瓣,为脑组织的肿胀预留空间以降低颅内压)及环钻术(在颅骨及硬脑膜上钻取小骨孔)有本质区别。

适应症

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开颅手术适用于多种诊断治疗目的,核心在于为颅内操作提供临时通道。其主要适应症包括:

流程

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开颅手术示意图
大脑幕上区和幕下区的示意图

开颅手术通常在全麻下进行,也可在局部麻醉下实施清醒开颅。在充分的麻醉与镇痛下,患者通常不会感到显著不适[1]。在术前,医生会借助头部MRICT的横断面影像来规划骨瓣位置和手术的进入角度。需切除的颅骨范围取决于具体的手术要求。

手术开始时,先切开皮肤并分离头皮组织,随后使用颅钻移除骨瓣。手术结束时,使用钛板钛钉或其他固定方式将骨瓣复位。若患者自身的骨瓣无法使用,则常采用PEEK材料制成的人工颅骨替代。该人工骨瓣通常根据高分辨率MRI数据由数控机床精确建模,以确保贴合,减少术中的调整时间[5]

手术入路

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开颅手术根据进入的颅内空间所需要开放的颅骨区域进行分类[6]。不同解剖入路对应特定的颅内区域,选择取决于病变位置及周围的神经血管分布。

并发症

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开颅手术后可能会发生并发症,其发生率和严重程度与患者因素、手术性质、技术及原发疾病相关。

参见

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参考资料

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  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Oliveira, Marcos Paulo Rodrigues de; Piñeiro, Gabriel Teles de Oliveira; Souza, Davi Chaves Rocha de; Sandes, Pedro Henrique Ferreira; Santos, Vanessa Emanuelle Cunha; Medrado-Nunes, Gabriel Souza; Lawton, Michael T.; Figueiredo, Eberval Gadelha; Solla, Davi Jorge Fontoura. Pterional vs. mini-pterional craniotomy for intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgical Review. 2025-01-10, 48 (1) [2025-11-21]. ISSN 1437-2320. doi:10.1007/s10143-025-03221-w (英语). 
  3. ^ "Surgery for vestibular schwannomas: a systematic review of complications by approach". thejns.org. [2025-11-21]. doi:10.3171/2012.6.focus12163. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Gibbon, Frederico L.; Lindner, Rafaela J.; Vial, Antônio D. M.; da Silva, Guilherme G.; Palavani, Lucca B.; Semione, Gabriel; Worm, Paulo V.; Isolan, Gustavo R.; da Silva, Vagner A. R.; Bento, Ricardo F.; Friedman, Rick A. Translabyrinthine versus Retrosigmoid Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma: A Systematic Review and An Updated Meta-Analysis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2025, 172 (3) [2025-11-21]. ISSN 1097-6817. doi:10.1002/ohn.1031 (英语). 
  5. ^ Punchak, Maria; Chung, Lawrance K.; Lagman, Carlito; Bui, Timothy T.; Lazareff, Jorge; Rezzadeh, Kameron; Jarrahy, Reza; Yang, Isaac. Outcomes following polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cranioplasty: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2017-07-01, 41 [2025-11-21]. ISSN 0967-5868. PMID 28377284. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2017.03.028 (英语). 
  6. ^ Rao, Dinesh; Le, Rebecca Tuan; Fiester, Peter; Patel, Jeet; Rahmathulla, Gazanfar. An Illustrative Review of Common Modern Craniotomies. Journal of Clinical Imaging Science. 2020-12-10, 10 [2025-11-21]. ISSN 2156-7514. doi:10.25259/JCIS_176_2020 (英语). 
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  8. ^ Alotaibi, Amal F.; Hulou, M. Maher; Vestal, Matthew; Alkholifi, Faisal; Asgarzadeh, Morteza; Cote, David J.; Bi, Wenya Linda; Dunn, Ian F.; Mekary, Rania A.; Smith, Timothy R. The Efficacy of Antibacterial Prophylaxis Against the Development of Meningitis After Craniotomy: A Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurgery. 2016-06-01, 90 [2025-11-21]. ISSN 1878-8750. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.02.048. 
  9. ^ Infections in patients undergoing craniotomy: risk factors associated with post-craniotomy meningitis. thejns.org. [2025-11-21]. 
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  12. ^ Palermo, Matteo; Zeoli, Fabio; Rastegar, Valid; Sturiale, Carmelo Lucio; Signorelli, Francesco. Risk Factors for Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulas After Craniotomy and Craniectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2025-10-03, 167 (1) [2025-11-21]. ISSN 0942-0940. PMC 12491361可免费查阅. PMID 41039171. doi:10.1007/s00701-025-06685-3 (英语). 
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  15. ^ Mestdagh, François P.; Lavand’homme, Patricia M.; Pirard, Géraldine; Joshi, Girish P.; Sauter, Axel R.; Van de Velde, Marc. Pain management after elective craniotomy: A systematic review with procedure-specific postoperative pain management (PROSPECT) recommendations. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023-10, 40 (10) [2025-11-21]. ISSN 0265-0215. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001877 (英语).