^Ibn Manẓūr. لسان العرب / Lisān al-'Arab15. Būlāq, Miṣr [布拉格, 埃及]: al-Maṭba‘ah al-Mīrīyah. 1883: 55 [成书于1290年] (阿拉伯语). وخِتامُ القَوْم وخاتِمُهُم وخاتَمُهُم آخرُهم عن اللحياني ومحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم خاتِم الأنبياء عليه وعليهم الصلاة والسلام التهذيب والخاتِم والخاتَم من أسماء النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وفي التنزيل العزيز ما كان محمد أبا أحد من رجالكم ولكن رسول الله وخاتِمَ النبيين أي آخرهم قال وقد قرئ وخاتَمَ وقول العجاج مُبارَكٍ للأنبياء خاتِمِ إنما حمله على القراءة المشهورة فكسر ومن أسمائه العاقب أيضا ومعناه آخر الأنبياء
^ 17.017.1al-Zabīdī. تاج العروس / Tāj al-'Arūs 32 1st. Kuwayt [科威特]: al-Majlis al-Waṭanī lith-Thaqāfah wa’l-Funūn wa’l-Ādāb. 2000 [成书于1774年] (阿拉伯语).
p.45: والخاتَم آخر القوم كالخاتِم ومنه قوله تعالى وخاتم النبيين أي أخرهم
p.48: ومن أسمائه صلى الله عليه وسلم الخاتَم والخاتِم وهو الذي خَتَم النبوة بمَجِيئه
^Esposito, John L. (编). Khatam al-Nabiyyin. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 171. 2003. Khatam al-Nabiyyin: Seal of the prophets. Phrase occurs in Quran 33:40, referring to Muhammad, and is regarded by Muslims as meaning that he is the last of the series of prophets that began with Adam.
^Mir, Mustansir. Seal of the Prophets, The. Dictionary of Qur’ānic Terms and Concepts. New York: Garland Publishing: 171. 1987. Muḥammad is called "the seal of the prophets" in 33:40. The expression means that Muḥammad is the final prophet, and that the institution of prophecy after him is "sealed."
^Hughes, Thomas Patrick. K͟HĀTIMU 'N-NABĪYĪN. A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion. London: W. H. Allen: 270. 1885. K͟HĀTIMU ’N-NABĪYĪN (خاتم النبيين). "The seal of the Prophets." A title assumed by Muhammad in the Qur’ān. Surah xxxiii. 40: "He is the Apostle of God and the seal of the Prophets." By which is meant, that he is the last of the Prophets.
^Goldziher, Ignác. Sects. Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law. Translated by Andras and Ruth Hamori from the German Vorlesungen über den Islam (1910). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1981: 220–221. ISBN 9780691100999. Sunnī and Shī‘ī theology alike understood it to mean that Muhammad ended the series of Prophets, that he had accomplished for all eternity what his predecessors had prepared, that he was God's last messenger delivering God's last message to mankind. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
^Martin, Richard C. (编). 'Ali. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 1. New York: Macmillan: 37. 2004.
^Yasin, R. Cecep Lukan. The Twelver Shi'i Understanding on the Finality of Prophethood. Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies. 18 February 2010, 48 (1). doi:10.14421/ajis.2010.481.129-164.
^Elder, E.E. Al-Ṭaḥāwī's 'Bayān al-Sunna wa'l-Jamā'a'. The Macdonald Presentation Volume (Princeton University Press). 1933: 129–144.
^Powers, David S. Muḥammad is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2009. ISBN 9780812241785.
^Hawting, G.R. Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet. Islamic Law and Society. 2011年2月1日, 18 (1): 116–119. doi:10.1163/156851910X538396.
^Andrea Lathan (2008) ‘The Relativity of Categorizing in the Context of the Aḥmadiyya’Die Welt des Islams, 48 (3/4): p. 378. "It is primarily Ghulām Aḥmad’s prophetical claim based on his reinterpretation of the prophetology mentioned above that distinguishes the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat from the Muslim “mainstream”. In spite of the differentiation Ghulām Aḥmad had made between the two kinds of prophets and his acceptance of Muḥammad as the last law-bearing one, many of his adversaries consider his claim as an offence against the finality of Muḥammad."