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合作繁殖

维基百科,自由的百科全书

合作繁殖是一种以异亲抚育(alloparental care)为特征的社会系统:幼崽不仅从它们的父母那里获得照料,还从额外的群体成员(通常被称为“帮手”或“助手”)那里获得[1]。合作繁殖涵盖了各种各样的群体结构,包括:由一对繁殖配偶及其前一繁殖季的后代(作为帮手)组成的群体[2];拥有多对繁殖雄性和雌性(多夫多妻制),帮手是群体中部分而非全部繁殖者成年后代的群体[3];以及帮手有时会通过产下自己的后代并将其纳入群体同一窝幼崽中,从而获得“共同繁殖”地位的群体[4]。合作繁殖现象可见于包括鸟类[5]、哺乳动物[6]、鱼类[7]、和昆虫在内的众多分类群[8]

对于帮手而言,付出的代价包括适应度的降低、增加的领地防御、幼崽守卫以及更高的生长成本。而获得的收益则包括被捕食风险降低、觅食时间增加、领地继承、改善的环境条件,以及广义适应度的提升。广义适应度是所有直接适应度与间接适应度之总和,其中:直接适应度被定义为通过产下自身后代所获得的适应度;间接适应度则定义为通过帮助亲缘个体的后代而获得的适应度,即亲属能够通过提升相关后代的适应度来间接地传递自身的基因[9]。这种现象也称为亲缘选择[10]

对于繁殖配偶而言,付出的代价包括增加的配偶看护以及对下属交配的抑制。繁殖者获得的收益是幼崽照料和领地维护负担的减轻。它们的首要收益在于繁殖率和存活率的提高。

合作繁殖系统导致所有性成熟个体的繁殖成功率倾向于集中在一对交配配偶身上。这意味着群体的繁殖适应度集中在少数几个繁殖成员中,而帮手则几乎没有或根本没有繁殖适应度[11]。在这种系统下,繁殖者获得了更高的繁殖适应度,而帮手则获得了更高的广义适应度[11]

参考文献

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  6. ^ Jennions, M. Cooperative breeding in mammals. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 1994-01-01, 9 (3): 89–93. PMID 21236784. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90202-x. 
  7. ^ Wong, Marian; Balshine, Sigal. The evolution of cooperative breeding in the African cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher. Biological Reviews. 2011-05-01, 86 (2): 511–530. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 20849492. S2CID 39910620. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00158.x. 
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  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Gerlach, Gabriele; Bartmann, Susann. Reproductive skew, costs, and benefits of cooperative breeding in female wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus)需要付费订阅. Behavioral Ecology. 2002-05-01, 13 (3): 408–418. doi:10.1093/beheco/13.3.408.