增一度
| 转位 | 減八度 |
|---|---|
| 名稱 | |
| 別名 | 變化半音（英語：chromatic semitone） 小半音（英語：minor semitone） |
| 縮寫 | A1 |
| 大小 | |
| 半音 | 1 |
| 音程類別 | 1 |
| 纯律 | 、 |
| 音分 | |
| 十二平均律 | 100 |
| 纯律 | 71、114 |
增一度（英語：augmented unison / augmented prime[3]）在現代調性音樂樂理中，指同一音名（五線譜同一高度）上依平均律相距1個半音的兩音間之音程，亦即某一音與其升／降1個半音間（如B♭同B♮、C♮同C♯間）之一度。其常被稱作變化半音（英語：chromatic semitone[4]）或小半音（法語：semiton mineur／英語：minor semitone，出自法國作曲家讓-菲利普·拉莫）[5]。由於相當不協和，其在歷史上如三全音一樣曾被稱作「魔鬼音」（拉丁語：diabolus in musica）。[6]
十二平均律中其與小二度［或自然半音（英語：diatonic semitone）］爲異名同音[1]，然於其他樂律中則並不相同。
減一度
[编辑]減一度（英語：diminished unison / diminished prime）音程之表述亦散見各䖏，如拉莫手稿[5]及後世法、德、英等語言文獻中[減 1]；另一些文獻則否定其存在或實用性，認爲一度之任何升降均祇能擴大其寬度，亦即祇增不減[增 1]。有時其被正當化作一種負數音程[7][8]，並在小提琴雙音演奏技法中類比其他弦上的平行音程[9]；一些理論家對其作明確區分，稱其僅在作爲旋律音程而非和聲音程時方有效[曲 1]。
參見
[编辑]參考文獻及註釋
[编辑]參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Porter, Steven (1986). Music, A Comprehensive Introduction, p. 66. ISBN 978-0-935016-81-9.
- ^ Burrows, Terry (1999). How To Read Music, p. 62. ISBN 978-0-312-24159-9.
- ^ Blood, Brian. Intervals. Music theory online. Dolmetsch Musical Instruments. 12 September 2014 [30 August 2015].
- ^ Rushton, Julian. Unison (prime). Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. [17 August 2011]. (subscription needed)
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Gene Henry Anderson, "Musical Terminology in J.-P. Rameau's Traité de l'harmonie: A Study and Glossary Based on an Index". PhD diss. (Iowa City: University of Iowa, 1981): 196.
- ^ Andreas Werckmeister, Harmonologia musica, oder kurze Anleitung zur musicalischen Composition (Frankfurt and Leipzig: Theodor Philipp Calvisius, 1702): 6, and Musicalische Paradoxal-Discourse, oder allgemeine Vorstellungen (Quedlinburg: Theodor Philipp Calvisius, 1707): 75–76.
- ^ Eytan Agmon, The Languages of Western Tonality, Computational Music Science (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer-Verlag, 2013): 64, 151. ISBN 978-3-642-39586-4 (cloth); ISBN 978-3-642-39587-1 (ebook)
- ^ Steven Porter, Music: A Comprehensive Introduction: Workbook No. 1: Music Theory (New York: Excelsior Music Publishing, 1986): 8. ISBN 0-935016-83-X.
- ^ Karl Courvoisier, Die Violin-Technik (Cologne: Pet. Jos. Tonger, 1878): 26. English edition, as The Technics of Violin Playing, the Strad Library 1 (London: The Strad; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908): 49.
註釋
[编辑]減一度
[编辑]- ^ 支持「減一度」之文獻：
- Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Methods of Harmony, Figured Base, and Composition: Adapted for Self-Instruction, Volume 1, edited by Ignaz Seyfried (Ritter von), and Alexandre Choron (London: R. Cocks & Co., 1834): 4 [Translated from Méthodes d'harmonie et de composition: à l'aide desquelles on peut apprendre soi-même à accompagner la basse chiffrée et à composer toute espèce de musique, par J.-Georges Albrechtsberger. Nouvelle éd., mise en ordre et considérablement augmentée d'après l'enseignement de l'auteur, et formant la collection complète de ses OEuvres de théorie musicale, par le chevalier de Seyfried, son élève. Traduite de l'allemand, avec des notes, par M. Choron. Paris: Bachelier, 1830.]
- Henry Charles Banister, A Text-book of Music (London: George Bell and Sons, 1872): 34.
- Alexandre Choron, Principes de Composition des Ecoles d'Italie: Adoptés par le Gouvernement Français pour servir à l'instruction des Elèves des Maîtrises de Cathédrales: ouvrage classique formé de la réunion des modèles les plus parfaits en tout genre, enrichi d'un texte méthodique rédigé selon l'enseignement des Ecoles les plus célèbres et des Ecrivains didactiques les plus estimés, Tome premier, Contenant la préface & les Trois premiers Livres (Paris, 1808): 2
- Castil-Blaze [François-Henri-Joseph Blaze], Dictionnaire de musique moderne (Brussels: L'Academie de musique, 1828): 269.
- Anton Gräffer, Systematische Guitarre-Schule, Erster Theil (Vienna: Anton Strauß, 1811): 38.
- Oskar Kolbe, Kurzgefasste Generalbasslehre, second, enlarged and corrected edition (Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1872): 12.
- Alexander Lehr, Campanology Textbook: The Musical and Technical Aspect of Swinging Bells and Carillons, constituting Bulletin of the Guild of Carillonneurs in North America Volume 54 (2005): 51. The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America.
- Horst Leuchtmann, Dictionary of Terms in Music / Wörterbuch Musik: English–German, German–English, fourth, revised and enlarged edition (Munich, London, New York, and Paris: K. G. Saur; Berlin: Walter De Gruyter, 1992): 324. ISBN 978-3-598-10913-3 (cloth); ISBN 978-3-11-190694-2 (print/ebook); ISBN 978-3-11-150573-2 (ebook).
- Frederic Allison Lyman, The Normal Music Course in the Schoolroom: Being a Practical Exposition of the Normal Music Course, Together with Its Complemental Series, The Cecilian Series of Study and Song, by John W. Tufts, Designed to Aid Those who Teach Vocal Music (Boston, New York, Chicago: Silver, Burdett, and Company, 1896): 47–48.
- Robert Middleton, Harmony in Modern Counterpoint (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1967): 20.
- Cesar-Auguste Monti-Punti, Les secrets de la musique ou théorie musicale, edited by Pierre Rigaud (Paris: Leduc, 1846): 63, 72, 77.
- Robert Nelson and Carl J. Christensen, Foundations of Music, seventh edition (Boston: Schirmer Cengage Learning, 2008): 169. ISBN 978-0-495-56593-2.
- Gustav Schilling, Musikalische Didaktik; oder, Die Kunst des Unterrichts in der Musik: Ein nothwendiges Hand- und Hülfsbuch für alle lehrer und lernende der Musik, Erzieher, Schulvorsteher, Organisten, Volkschullehrer &c. (Eisleben: Ferdinand Kuhnt. 1851): 315.
- Daniel Gottlob Türk, Anweisung zum Generalbaßspielen, second edition (Halle: Hemmerde und Schwetschte; Leipzig: Schwickert, 1800): 16.
- William Alfred White (1907). Harmony and Ear-Training (New York, Boston [etc.]: Silver, Burdett & Company): 35.
增一度
[编辑]- ^ 支持「增一度」之文獻：
- Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg, Anfangsgründe der theoretischen Musik (Leipzig: Johann Gottlieb Immanuel Breitkopf, 1757): 34.
- Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg, Handbuch bey dem Generalbasse und der Composition: mit zwo- drey- vier- fünf- sechs- sieben- acht und mehreren Stimmen für Anfänger und Geübtere, second, expanded and corrected edition (Berlin: Gottlieb August Lange. 1762): 14.
- Stefan Kostka and Dorothy Payne (2004). Tonal Harmony (Boston: McGraw-Hill): 21. ISBN 978-0-07-285260-8. "There is no such thing as a diminished unison."
- Michael Pilhofer and Holly Day (2006). Music Theory for Dummies (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.): 113. ISBN 978-0-7645-7838-0. "There is no such thing as a diminished unison, because no matter how you change the unisons with accidentals, you are adding half steps to the total interval."
- Andrew Surmani, Karen Farnum Surmani, and Morton Manus (2009). Alfred's Essentials of Music Theory: A Complete Self-Study Course for All Musicians ([s.l.]: Alfred Music Publishing): 135. ISBN 0-7390-3635-1. "Since lowering either note of a perfect unison would actually increase its size, the perfect unison cannot be diminished, only augmented."
- W. S. B. Mathews (1909). "Editorial: Prof. White's Harmony and Ear-Training", The Journal of School Music 1, no. 9 (June): 260–63. Citation on 263: "What he [Prof. White in Harmony and Ear Training] calls the 'diminished prime or unison' cannot possibly occur. It is simply an augmented unison. Because unison is 'the relation of two tones at the same pitch,' and when one of these is chromatically distanced, it creates the contradiction in terms known as 'augmented' unison; but the other term, 'diminished unison' is impossible on the face of it, because the 'same pitch' cannot be made less."
- Smith, Uselma Clarke (1916). Keyboard Harmony, p. 15. The Boston Music Company. "Note that the diminished unison and octave are not commonly used."
- Jim Aikin (2004). A Player's Guide to Chords & Harmony (San Francisco: Backbeat Books): 32. ISBN 978-0-87930-798-1. "In case you were wondering, there's no such thing as a diminished unison."
- Arthur Foote and Walter Raymond Spalding (1905). Modern Harmony in Its Theory and Practice, p. 5. Arthur P. Schmidt. "a diminished unison is unthinkable, and the diminished 2d and 9th are of no practical use:..."
曲調音程
[编辑]- ^ 支持「曲調音程」之文獻：
- Nicolas Etienne Framery, Pierre Louis Ginguené, and Jérôme-Joseph Momigny. Encyclopédie méthodique: musique, 2 vols. (Paris: Mme. Veuve Agasse,1818): 2:19.
- Carl Edward Gardner, Essentials of Music Theory: Elementary (New York: Carl Fischer, Inc. 1912): 34.
- Johann Adam Hiller (ed.) "Fortsetzung zu dem musikalischen Wörterbuche", Wöchentliche Nachrichten und Anmerkungen, die Musik betreffend 3, no. 41 (10 April 1769): 315–22, citation on 318.
- E. Friedrich Richter, Traité de l'harmonie: théorique et pratique, translated from the German by Gustave Sandré (Leipzig and Brussels: Breitkopf & Härtel, Éditeurs, 1891): 3.