毘濕奴派

毗濕奴

毗濕奴派（梵語：वैष्णवसम्प्रदायः，羅馬化：Vaiṣṇavasampradāyaḥ），又作毘濕奴派，印度教的主要分支之一，與濕婆派、性力派等傳統並列。主张毗湿奴是统领诸神的至高梵，称之为摩诃毗湿奴，崇拜毗濕奴及其十大化身，特別是黑天。在毗濕奴派之下，又有許多小的分支。根据世界宗教数据库2020年的估计，毗湿奴派是印度教最大的教派，约有3.99亿信徒，遍及印度各邦，主要分布在印度北部和西海岸地区，尤其是北方邦、旁遮普邦、拉贾斯坦邦、古吉拉特邦、马哈拉施特拉邦。

毗湿奴派的经典有吠陀经、奥义书、薄伽梵歌、潘迦拉朵拉集、四千圣歌、薄伽梵往世书等。毗湿奴派的起源尚不明确，一般认为是南亚各地的非吠陀宗教和毗湿奴崇拜相融合而产生，亦由此形成毗湿奴的十大化身之说。

毗湿奴派特別重視奉爱與奉爱瑜伽，将虔信行为看得较求知证悟更为重要，认为通过默念神名及坐禅可以得到解脱，在南亚奉爱运动传播中起到关键作用。许多信徒遵从苦修、素食等禁欲主义规定，额前用檀香木浆画三道竖线。相信皈依不分身份地位、贤愚贵贱。

参见

• 国际奎师那知觉协会

参考文献

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