牡蛎礁
外观

牡蛎礁是由大量牡蛎个体在硬质基底上长期固着、生长与累积而形成的天然生物礁体结构[1]。牡蛎礁在生物多样性保护、净化水体、维持生态系统结构及支持渔业资源生产方面具有重要意义[2]。
衰退
[编辑]自19世纪以来,全球本地牡蛎礁的总面积较历史水平下降约84%,沿岸分布长度由19世纪初的约13万公里减少至21世纪初的2.38万公里[3]。不同区域的牡蛎礁面临多重压力,包括病害、污染、过度捕捞及底质淤积等,这些因素共同导致牡蛎种群数量下降至难以自然恢复的水平[4][5][6][7][8]。与此同时,部分地区组成牡蛎礁的本地牡蛎种群处于极度濒危状态,逐渐被外来牡蛎种类所取代[3][9]。
修复
[编辑]鉴于牡蛎礁的生态价值与退化趋势,各国陆续开展生态修复措施。美国在牡蛎礁修复方面起步较早,随后欧洲、澳大利亚等地区亦展开相关研究与实践[10]。有效的修复需综合考虑修复地点的环境条件、附着基类型、牡蛎物种与基因型适合性,以及方案与目标生态系统服务之间的匹配程度[11]。
导致修复失败的常见因素包括幼体成活不佳、幼体补给不足及缺乏适宜的附着基等[12]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Jackson, JB; Kirby, MX; Berger, WH; Bjorndal, KA; Botsford, LW; Bourque, BJ; Bradbury, RH; Cooke, R; Erlandson, J; Estes, JA; Hughes, TP; Kidwell, S; Lange, CB; Lenihan, HS; Pandolfi, JM; Peterson, CH; Steneck, RS; Tegner, MJ; Warner, RR. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems.. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2001-07-27, 293 (5530): 629–37. PMID 11474098. doi:10.1126/science.1059199.
- ^ Breitburg, D. L.; Coen, L. D.; Luckenbach, Mark; Mann, Roger L.; Posey, M.; Wesson, J. A. Oyster Reef Restoration: Convergence Of Harvest And Conservation Strategies. Journal of Shellfish Research. 2000-01-01, 19: 371–377 [2025-11-17] (英语).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 McAfee, Dominic; Connell, Sean D. The global fall and rise of oyster reefs. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2021-03, 19 (2): 118–125. doi:10.1002/fee.2291.
- ^ Roger I.E. Newell. Ecosystem influences of natural and cultivated populations of suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs: a review. Journal of Shellfish Research. 2004, 23 (1): 51+ [2025-11-17].
- ^ Michael W. Beck, Robert D. Brumbaugh, Laura Airoldi, Alvar Carranza, Loren D. Coen, Christine Crawford, Omar Defeo, Graham J. Edgar, Boze Hancock, Matthew Kay, Hunter Lenihan, Mark W. Luckenbach, Caitlyn L. Toropova, Guofan Zhang. Shellfish Reefs at Risk: A Global Analysis of Problems and Solutions (PDF). The Nature Conservancy. [2025-11-17].
- ^ Paul (编). A history of the Firth of Thames dredge fishery for mussels: use and abuse of a coastal resource. 2012 [2025-11-17] (英语).
- ^ Richkus, William A.; Menzie, Charles A. Application of an Ecological Risk Assessment for Evaluation of Alternatives Considered for Restoration of Oysters in Chesapeake Bay: Background and Approach. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2013-09-03, 19 (5): 1172–1186. doi:10.1080/10807039.2013.767092.
- ^ Gillies, CL; McLeod, IM; Alleway, HK; Cook, P; Crawford, C; Creighton, C; Diggles, B; Ford, J; Hamer, P; Heller-Wagner, G; Lebrault, E; Le Port, A; Russell, K; Sheaves, M; Warnock, B. Australian shellfish ecosystems: Past distribution, current status and future direction.. PloS one. 2018, 13 (2): e0190914. PMID 29444143. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190914.
- ^ Gillies, Chris L.; Castine, Sarah A.; Alleway, Heidi K.; Crawford, Christine; Fitzsimons, James A.; Hancock, Boze; Koch, Paul; McAfee, Dominic; McLeod, Ian M.; zu Ermgassen, Philine S.E. Conservation status of the Oyster Reef Ecosystem of Southern and Eastern Australia. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2020-06, 22: e00988. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00988.
- ^ Mingyi, Zhang; Xiaomei, Wang; Yanxin, Zheng; Nan, Wu; Donghao, Li; Enyuan, Fan; Na, Li; Xiujuan, Shan; Tao, Yu; Chunnuan, Zhao; Bo, Li; Shuai, Xu; Yuping, Wu; Liqun, Ren. Resource status and habitat function of typical oyster reef areas in the Yellow River Estuary. Biodiversity Science. 2025, 33 (4): 24208. doi:10.17520/biods.2024208.
- ^ Howie, Alice H.; Bishop, Melanie J. Contemporary Oyster Reef Restoration: Responding to a Changing World. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2021-08-03, 9. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.689915.
- ^ Arnold, William S.; Meyers, Steven D.; Geiger, Stephen P.; Luther, Mark E.; Narváez, Diego; Frischer, Marc E.; Hofmann, Eileen. Applying a Coupled Biophysical Model to Predict Larval Dispersal and Source/Sink Relationships in a Depleted Metapopulation of the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. Journal of Shellfish Research. 2017-04, 36 (1): 101–118. doi:10.2983/036.036.0112.