跳转到内容

罗拉特法

维基百科,自由的百科全书
1919年無政府主義和革命罪行法
立法機關帝國立法會議英语Imperial Legislative Council
废止历程
以下命令已廢除本法规
1922年年無政府主義和革命罪行法
英國法官西德尼·羅拉特最為人所知的是他主持"羅拉特委員會"。委員會的目的是評估印度境內的政治恐怖主義之間的聯繫。隨後制定的《羅拉特法案》間接導致1919年阿姆利則慘案發生。

《1919年無政府主義和革命罪行法(Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919)》 ,俗稱《羅拉特法案》 (英語:Rowlatt Act),是英屬印度政府頒佈的一項法律。此法案在印度籍議員一致反對之下仍於第一次世界大戰結束之後的1919年3月18日,在德里帝國立法會議英语Imperial Legislative Council上倉促通過,將一戰期間頒佈的《1915年印度防衛法英语Defence of India Act 1915》中的緊急措施,包括預防性的無限期拘留英语indefinite detention 、未經審判的監禁和司法審查措施無限期地延長。英屬印度政府頒佈此法案的原因是擔心革命民族主義者存在重新發動類似一戰之時出現要顛覆他們的印度-德國陰謀英语Hindu-German Comnspiracy,而《1915年印度防衛法》失效之後會助長這種威脅再現。[1][2][3]:137 [4][5]

目的與說明

[编辑]

英國殖民政府通過此《羅拉特法案》,賦予警方僅憑懷疑即可逮捕任何印度人的權力。該法案的目的是遏制當地日益增長的民族主義聖雄甘地因之號召人民對該法案進行非暴力不合作運動[6][7]此法案是根據羅拉特委員會英语Rowlatt Committee的建議而制定與通過,法案也因委員會主席為西德尼·羅拉特爵士英语Sidney Rowlatt,而被稱為羅拉特法案。法案實質上授權殖民地政府可未經審判即監禁任何居住在英屬印度的恐怖主義嫌疑人,最長可達兩年,[8]並賦予殖民當局處理所有革命活動的權力。

這項不得人心的立法更嚴格地管制新聞界、[a]無需逮捕令即可進行逮捕、[b]未經審判即可無限期拘留,被告被剝奪知曉指控者身份的權利,[c]以及得知在審判中所用證據的權利。[d][11]一個由三名高等法院法官組成的特別小組被指定審理涉及此類嫌疑人的案件。該小組擁有最終權威,其上無更高級別的上訴法院,人身保護令被中止。此外,此法案還擁有權力,可接納在《1872印度證據法英语Indian Evidence Act, 1872》的一般規定下不被容許的證據。[12]那些被定罪者在獲釋時被要求繳納保證金,並禁止參與任何政治、教育或宗教活動。[11]根據羅拉特領導的委員會報告,兩項法案於1919年2月6日被引入英屬印度帝國立法會議。[13]這些法案後來被稱為"黑色法案"。雖然《羅拉特法案》面對大量的反對聲音,仍於1919年3月18日通過。根據此法案,首席法官為便於執法,被授權決定被告在審判期間及保釋候審之間的即時拘留。法案中還規定對違反任何根據此法頒佈命令所給予的懲罰。

影響

[编辑]

甘地和其他印度領袖[e]對此法案提出嚴厲批判,認為不應為孤立的政治罪行而讓所有人都受到懲罰。馬丹·莫罕·馬拉威亞(曾任印度國民大會黨主席、馬扎魯爾·哈克英语Mazharul Haque (activist)印度獨立運動活躍人士)以及全印穆斯林聯盟成員穆罕默德·阿里·真納為此辭去在帝國立法會議的職務,以表達抗議。[15][16]法案也激怒許多其他印度領袖和大眾,而引發政府施行鎮壓。甘地及其他人認為透過體制內的合法途徑來抗議已無法奏效,因此在4月6日發動罷市[17]並以暫停營業、進行罷工、禁食、祈禱並舉行公開集會的公民不合作運動形式,來反對這個"黑色法案" 。聖雄甘地在孟買的海邊沐浴,並在前往馬德哈夫·鮑格印度教寺廟(Madhav Baug temple)的遊行前發表演講。[18][19]此事件是整個非暴力不合作運動的一部分。其中最大的一次抗議活動於1919年初在當時的旁遮普省安巴拉舉行,由律師詹達·辛格·吉亞尼 (Jhanda Singh Giani,一位錫克教公眾人物)主持。[20]

《羅拉特法案》事件將甘地推向印度獨立運動的主流,並開啟印度政治中的甘地時代。賈瓦哈拉爾·尼赫魯(曾於印度獨立後擔任該國第一任總理)在其著作《世界史綱》中描述甘地參與抗議活動的情景:

他在1919年初才剛從重病後復原,而《羅拉特法案》引發的騷動瀰漫印度。他也加入普遍的抗議呼聲,但他的聲音不知為何會與眾不同。它安靜而低沉,卻能超越群眾的喧鬧聲而被聽到、它柔和溫順,卻似乎埋藏有鋼鐵般的堅韌、它禮貌而滿懷感染,隱藏著某種嚴峻和令人畏懼的力量,他所用的每一個字眼都充滿意義,並帶有一種極度的真誠。在和平與友善的語言背後潛藏著力量、隱然要採取行動的意味,以及不向錯誤屈服的決心... 這與我們日常只會譴責、別無其他的政治活動、以及那些總是流於同樣徒勞且無效的抗議決議、沒人認真對待的冗長演講,大相逕庭。這是行動,而非空談。 [21]

然而於3月30日在德里的一場成功罷市,卻被高漲的緊張局勢所掩蓋,導致旁遮普、德里和古吉拉特地區發生暴動。[22][23]甘地認為印度人尚未準備好採取符合非暴力原則的立場(非暴力是不服從英國殖民政府法律的非暴力不合作運動(堅持真理英语satyagraha)中的重要元素),因此他將抵抗活動中止。[24]

《羅拉特法案》於1919年3月21日生效。 在旁遮普地區出現的抗議運動非常強烈,國大黨的兩位領袖 - 賽義夫丁·基奇盧英语Saifuddin Kitchlew薩蒂亞帕爾英语Satyapal於4月10日被捕,並秘密帶往北部的達蘭薩拉(於今日喜馬偕爾邦)。[25][26]而在4月13日,來自鄰近村莊的人們聚集在旁遮普阿姆利則,參加一年一度的維薩希節英语Vaisakhi(當地傳統的年度豐收節)活動,群眾對他們為此遭到驅逐而發生抗議。隨後軍隊奉召而來,繼而發生人員死傷慘重的阿姆利則慘案[27][28]

廢除

[编辑]

英國殖民政府接受鎮壓法律委員會(Repressive Laws Committee)的報告,於1922年3月將以下法令廢除:《羅拉特法案》、《1910年印度新聞法英语Indian Press Act, 1910》、《1818年條例 III(Regulation III of 1818)》、《護照法(the Passport Act)》、《煽動叛亂法(the Sedition laws)》(《印度刑法》第124A條 )、《官方機密法令(Official Secrets Act)》 、《1908年和1913年刑法修正案(the Criminal Law Amendment Acts of 1908 and 1913)》、《爆炸物法(the Explosive Substances Act)》、《煽動性集會法(the Seditious Meetings Act)》、《印度武器法(the Indian Arms Act)》、《1907年印度防止煽動性集會法英语Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907》、《1861年印度警察法(the Police Act of 1861)》、《公共安全法(the Public Safety Act)》、《1915年印度防衛法》、《1924年軍營法(the Cantonments Act, 1924)》 、《印度報紙(煽動罪行)法(the Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act)》 、《印度刑法修正案條例(the Indian Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance)》、《印度各邦保護法(the Indian States Protection Act)》、《新聞緊急權力法(the Press Emergency Powers Act)》、《緊急權力條例(the Emergency Powers Ordinance)》、《印度政治服務條例(the Indian Political Service Regulations)》 、《犯罪部落法(the Criminal Tribes Act})》以及《刑事訴訟法第144條(Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC))》。[29][30]

參考文獻

[编辑]

註記

[编辑]
  1. ^ As per Section 15, at any trials conducted under Part 1 of the Article, the accused may be charged with and convicted of any offense against any provision of law which is referred to in the Schedule. Section 124-A of IPC, 1860 (Sedition)[9] is one of the Sections mentioned under Section 2 of the Schedule.[10]
  2. ^ As mentioned in clause (a) of Sub-section 1 of Section 34 of Rowlatt Act, provided conditions for the application of Part 3 are met. As per Sub-section 2, the arrest of any such person can be effected at any place where he may be found by any government officer. Section 35 further directs that any person making an arrest under clause (a) of Sub-section 1 of the previous article shall immediately report the arrest to the Local Government. Pending receipt of orders of Government, the person is to be detained in custody for a maximum of 7 days, which could be extended to 15 days as per the direction of the Local Government.[10]
  3. ^ Stated in Sub-section 2 of Section 26 as follows- "The investigating authority shall then hold an inquiry in-camera for the purpose of ascertaining what, in its opinion, having regard to the facts and circumstances adduced by the Government, appears against the person in respect of whom the order has been made." Section 30 states that the investigating authority shall consist of 3 persons, of whom 2 shall be persons having held judicial office not inferior to that of a District and Sessions Judge, and one shall be a person not in the service of the Crown in India.[10]
  4. ^ Stated in Sub-section 3 of section 26 as follows- "Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) the inquiry shall be conducted in such manner as the investigating authority considers best suited to elicit the facts of the case: and in making the inquiry, such authority shall not be bound to observe the rules of the law of evidence."[10]
  5. ^ Including, but not limited to, Vallabhbhai Patel,[7] Madan Mohan Malviya[14]

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ Popplewell, Richard. Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924 1st. Routledge. 1995: 175. ISBN 978-0-7146-4580-3. S2CID 239566146. doi:10.4324/9781315037417. 
  2. ^ Lovett, Verney. A history of the Indian nationalist movement. London: John Murray. 1920: 94,187–191 [2022-03-12]. 
  3. ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar. A History of the Indian Nationalist Movement. (Review by Verney Lovett). Political Science Quarterly. March 1921, 36 (1): 136–138. JSTOR 2142669. doi:10.2307/2142669. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3nw01g05可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Tinker, Hugh. India in the First World War and after. Journal of Contemporary History. October 1968, 3 (4): 92. S2CID 150456443. doi:10.1177/002200946800300407可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ Fisher, Margaret W. Essays on Gandhian Politics: the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919. (in Book Reviews)需要付费订阅. Pacific Affairs. Spring 1972, 45 (1): 129 [2022-03-12]. JSTOR 2755297. doi:10.2307/2755297. 
  6. ^ Du Boulay, James Houssemayne. Copy of a Press Message from Reed, Bombay to "Times", London, passed at Bombay. Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. May 1919 [2022-03-12]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17 (PDF). New Delhi: Publications Division, Government of India: 297. 1919-02-24 [12 March 2022]. in the event of these Bills becoming law and until they are withdrawn, we shall refuse civilly to obey these laws and such other laws as a Committee 
  8. ^ Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens. Rowlatt Bills. Hansard. UK Parliament. 1919-03-17 [2022-03-12]. The Government of India has informed the Secretary of State that the Bill, as modified in Select Committee, limits the total period of confinement to two years 
  9. ^ Section 124-A of Indian Penal Code. India Code. Government of India. 1860 [12 March 2022]. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Act No. XI of 1919 (PDF). India Code. Government of India: 39. 1919-03-21 [2022-03-12]. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Vohra, Ranbir (2001). The Making of India: A Historical Survey, 2nd Ed. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0711-5. p. 126.
  12. ^ Mahawar, Sneha. The Rowlatt Act : everything you need to know. iPleaders. 2022-05-02 [2025-05-10] (美国英语). 
  13. ^ Proceedings, June 1919, no. 82. Home Department, Government of India: 2. 1919 [2022-03-12]. I place below the second and more important Bill in connection with the report of the Rowlatt Committee 
  14. ^ Sen, Siba Pada. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. III (M-R). Calcutta: Institute of Historical Studies. 1974: 33 [2022-03-12]. 
  15. ^ | Making Britain. www.open.ac.uk. [2019-12-07]. 
  16. ^ Malaviya, Madan Mohan; Nehru, Motilal; Gandhi, Mohandas K.; Das, Chittaranjan; Tyabji, Abbas; Jayakar, M. R.; Santhanam, K. The Congress Punjab Inquiry, 1919-20 (PDF). Mumbai: Pandit K. Santhanam. 1920: 31. The final passage of this bill on the 18th March, with some modifications, which the member in charge of it accepted and which did not touch the scheme or the scope of it, brought about three notable resignations i.e. from Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mr. Mazarul Haque and Mr. M. A. Jinnah. 
  17. ^ Indian Affairs. Greymouth Evening Star (Greymouth: New Zealand Government). Allied Press. 1919-07-09: 4 [13 March 2022]. 
  18. ^ Balaji, Balamurali. Remembering this week: Jalianwala Bagh Massacre – April 6th to April 15th, 1919. GandhiTopia. 2013-04-09 [2019-04-06]. 
  19. ^ Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand. Speech at Chowpatty, Bombay- Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17 (PDF). Publications Division, Government of India: 382–387. 1919-04-06 [2022-03-12]. 
  20. ^ Khattar, Sohan Singh; Kar, Reena. Know Your State Haryana. Arihant Publications India limited. 2021-07-26. ISBN 978-93-257-9038-4 (英语). 
  21. ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal. Glimpses of World History. Penguin Books. 1934–35. ISBN 978-9-385-99006-9. 
  22. ^ Proceedings of the Home Department, 1919. Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India: 9–10. November 1919 [2022-03-12]. 
  23. ^ CAB 24/153, British Empire and Africa Report No.112. The National Archives Website. The National Archives: 6. 1919-04-15 [2022-03-12]. The trouble occurred principally in the Punjab, particularly at Amritsar, the sacred city of the Sikhs, and in Bombay Presidency at Ahmedabad, the second city of the Presidency. 
  24. ^ Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 18 (PDF). New Delhi: Publications Division, Government of India: 182–186. 1919-07-06 [2022-03-12]. the discovery I have made, namely, that he only is able and attains the right to offer civil disobedience who has known how to offer voluntary and deliberate obedience to the laws of the State""I have suggested that civil disobedience by the others should not be taken up for at least one month after I have been taken charge of by the Government. 
  25. ^ Extract from the "Independent," Allahabad, dated the 19th November 1919.. Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. [2022-03-12]. 
  26. ^ Extract from A. B. Patrika, dated Calcutta, the 19th November 1919.. Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. [2022-03-12]. he was directed by the Government of Sir Michael O’Dwyer to deport Drs. Kichlew and Satyapal" "But after they had been under his roof for half an hour as his guests, they were caught hold of, and removed towards Dharmasala under police escort 
  27. ^ From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City. The Tribune. 2006-01-26. 
  28. ^ Op-ed: Let's not forget Jallianwala Bagh. Daily Times. 2003-04-13. 
  29. ^ The History of British India: a chronology, John F. Riddick, 2006
  30. ^ Act No. IV of 1922 (PDF). India Code. Hastings Street, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing: 3. 2 1922-02-22 [2022-03-12]. 

外部連結

[编辑]

Template:Indian Independence Movement