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美国数学教育

维基百科,自由的百科全书
一名学生正在用计算器解决一些数学题

美国的数学教育因州而异,甚至在同一州内也存在显著差异。自2010年起,随着大多数州及哥伦比亚特区采纳了“共同核心英语Common_Core标准”(Common Core Standards),全国各年级的数学教学内容已趋于一致。作为标准化的大学入学考试英语University Entrance ExaminationSAT也进行了改革,以更好地反映“共同核心”的内容。[1]

许多学生选择传统路径之外的替代方案,包括加速课程。截至2023年,有二十七个州要求学生在高中毕业(9至12年级,学生通常年龄为14至18岁)前通过三门数学课程,而十七个州和哥伦比亚特区则要求四门[2]。中学(6至12年级)数学课程的典型顺序为:初级代数英语Pre-algebra(Pre-algebra,7或8年级)、代数I、几何、代数II、预科微积分,以及微积分统计学。有些学生会参加综合课程[3],但也有许多学生高中毕业时并未修读微积分或统计学[4][5]

在竞争激烈、声誉卓著的公立或私立高中,辅导员通常会鼓励有抱负、有天赋的学生修读微积分,无论他们未来的专业方向如何,以增加被名校录取的机会[6];他们的家长也会为他们报名参加数学培优项目[7]

中学阶段的代数对许多学生来说是难度上的转折点,很多人难以逾越[8][9][10][11]。因此许多学生在进入科学、技术、工程和数学(理工科)大学课程[10][11][12]或未来的高技能职业时[13][14],准备不足。根据美国教育部1997年的一份报告,通过严格的高中数学课程,能够预测学生能成功完成大学学业,这与所学专业或家庭收入无关[15][16]。在2010年代初至2020年代初,修读代数I的八年级学生人数有所下降[17]。全美范围内,合格的数学教师处于短缺状态[18][19]。家长即使本意良好,也可能将他们的数学焦虑传染给孩子,而这些孩子可能也会惧怕学校的数学教师[20][21];家长还可能高估自己孩子的数学能力[22]。截至2013年,大约五分之一的美国成年人存在功能性数字盲(functionally innumerate)[18] 。到2025年,35%的美国成年人将无法“在审阅和评估陈述的有效性时运用数学推理”[23]

尽管绝大多数人都认同数学的重要性,但许多人,尤其是年轻人,对自己的数学能力缺乏信心[18][24]。另一方面,表现优异的学校可能会为学生提供加速课程(包括在微积分之后选修大学课程的可能性)[25],并培养他们参与数学竞赛[26][27]。在高等教育阶段,学生对理工科领域的兴趣显著增长[28]。但许多学生发现自己不得不修读高中数学的补习课程[29][30],并且许多人因数学技能不足而退出理工科项目[12][7]

经济合作与发展组织(OECD)中的其他发达国家相比,美国学生的平均数学素养水平一般[8][31][32][33][34]。与许多其他国家一样,在COVID-19大流行期间,美国的数学分数有所下降[35]。不过,亚裔和欧裔美国学生的平均水平高于OECD平均水平[36]

参见

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参考文献

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