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维基百科，自由的百科全书
斯克勒罗斯家族
Σκληρός
Sclerus
《马德里的斯基里泽斯历史抄本》插图：巴尔达斯·斯克勒罗斯称帝

斯克勒罗斯家族（希臘語：Σκληρός，复数：Σκληροί，阴性形式：Σκλήραινα；拉丁化形式：Sclerus），是拜占庭帝国的世家大族，9-11世纪，其许多成员担任帝国的高级军事职务，其中最著名的是巴尔达斯·斯克勒罗斯（英语：Bardas Skleros），他曾任东部的“宫内军长官（英语：Domestic of the Schools）（δομέστικος τῶν σχολῶν）”，并曾起兵反抗巴西尔二世，自行称帝。11世纪之后，其家族成员转而担任帝国的高级文官，科穆宁王朝时期，其逐渐淡出政治圈，至14世纪后消失在历史记载之中。

起源与早期成员

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Byzantine Asia Minor and the Arab–Byzantine frontier zone in the middle of the 9th century

斯克勒罗斯家族起源于小亚细亚东北部的小亚美尼亚或塞巴斯提亚军区，因此，他们传统上被认为是亚美尼亚人，但这种说法并没有明确的证据。[1][2]也有观点认为他们可能是希腊-亚美尼亚混血家族[3]。他们的族姓“斯克勒罗斯（Σκληρός）”是希腊语，意为“艰难的，残酷的”，这表明家族的创始人可能至少是有希腊血统，因为拜占庭帝国的纯亚美尼亚裔家族的族姓一般都是源自亚美尼亚语，只是加上了希腊语的后缀。[4]

斯克勒罗斯家族与梅利特内（今马拉蒂亚）周边地区有紧密的联系，9世纪40年代曾有家族成员在此活跃，9世纪70-80年代巴尔达斯·斯克勒罗斯（英语：Bardas Skleros）起兵叛乱的中心也在这一地区。此后他们的权力根基似乎又转移到了安纳托利亚军区，11世纪有记载称他们在那里有巨大的地产。[5]

尽管家族属于安纳托利亚的众多军事世家之一，9世纪时，其成员却主要在巴尔干半岛任职：家族的第一个已知成员（名字未知）在805年时担任伯罗奔尼撒军区将军（总督），811年，利奥·斯克勒罗斯担任了同一职务，他可能是前者的儿子或侄子。[2][6]另一个名字未知的家族成员在9世纪40年代效力于阿拉伯人，并与梅利特内埃米尔欧麦尔·艾格泰厄（英语：Umar al-Aqta）发生冲突；这一事实可能表明斯克勒罗斯家族可能失去了阿莫里安王朝的宠幸。[6][7][8]这也可能显示了斯克勒罗斯家族有一个在拜占庭边境之外为阿拉伯人服务的分支[9]。之后家族似乎在巴西尔一世（867-886年在位）上台后重新获得了崇高的地位，拥有“资深执政官（英语：Anthypatos）”“总管（英语：Magister officiorum）”荣衔的狄奥多尔·斯克勒罗斯于869-970年出现在历史记载之中。他的儿子安东尼与尼基塔斯拥有“贵族”荣衔，安东尼曾担任希腊军区将军，尼基塔斯可能曾任“舰队长官（英语：Droungarios of the Fleet）（δρουγγάριος τοῦ στόλου）”，即帝国海军的指挥官，894年，他曾受命出使马扎尔人。[2][6][10]

利奥六世（886-912年在位）偏爱杜卡斯家族（英语：Doukas）与福卡斯家族，斯克勒罗斯家族变得边缘化。这可能使得他们支持罗曼努斯·勒卡佩诺斯的夺权：一位名叫潘塞里欧斯（Pantherios）的将领被认为可能是斯克勒罗斯家族的成员，他曾担任利坎多斯军区、色雷斯西亚军区将军，最后在944成为“宫内军长官（英语：Domestic of the Schools）（δομέστικος τῶν σχολῶν）”（东部军队总司令），但在勒卡佩诺斯家族失权之后被老巴尔达斯·福卡斯取代[11][12]。但潘塞里欧斯与斯克勒罗斯家族的关系只是学者的一种假设[13]。

巴尔达斯·斯克勒罗斯与家族权势的顶峰

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斯克勒罗斯家族最著名的成员是巴尔达斯·斯克勒罗斯（英语：Bardas Skleros），他956年第一次出现在历史记载中，当时他拥有“贵族”荣衔，担任边界小军区卡洛迪亚（Kaloudia）的将军。[12][14]他的兄弟姐妹与其他军事世家联姻：他的兄弟君士坦丁（Κωνσταντῖνος）娶了尼基弗鲁斯·福卡斯（963-969年间的皇帝）的侄女索菲亚·福卡伊娜（Σοφία Φώκαινα），姐妹玛利亚（Μαρία）嫁给了尼基弗鲁斯·福卡斯的外甥约翰·齐米斯克斯（未来的皇帝约翰一世），后一次联姻大大改变了家族的机运：虽然玛利亚在丈夫969年称帝之前就已去世，约翰一世还是重用了昔日的舅子巴尔达斯·斯克勒罗斯[12]。巴尔达斯被任命为东部的“宫内军长官（英语：Domestic of the Schools）（δομέστικος τῶν σχολῶν）”（东部军队总司令），率军镇压了小巴尔达斯·福卡斯（英语：Bardas Phokas the Younger）的叛乱，并于970年在阿卡丢波利斯战役（英语：Battle of Arcadiopolis (970)）中击败了入侵的基辅罗斯军队。[15][16] Despite a period of disgrace in 972–974, connected with a reported conspiracy against Tzimiskes, the Skleroi remained among the most important families during his reign.[2][17] In 972, Tzimiskes even married Constantine Skleros's daughter, Theophano, to the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II (統治時期 973–983).[18]

Seal of Romanos Skleros, with the titles of proedros, stratopedarches of the East, and doux of Antioch

The death of Tzimiskes in 976 saw yet another change in the family's standing: the powerful parakoimomenos, Basil Lekapenos, who assumed the tutelage of the young emperor Basil II (統治時期 976–1025), regarded Bardas Skleros as a threat to the new regime, and demoted him to doux of Mesopotamia. As a result, Bardas rose in rebellion in spring 976, but was defeated by an imperial army under Bardas Phokas the Younger in 979 and forced to seek refuge in the Abbasid Caliphate along with his brother, Constantine, and son, Romanos.[2][17][19] In 987, the Skleroi returned to Byzantium, and launched a new bid for the throne. This time Bardas Skleros allied himself with Phokas against Basil II, but was betrayed and imprisoned by Phokas, and was released only after the latter's defeat and death. Skleros renewed his resistance against Basil II for a few months, but eventually was reconciled with the emperor, honoured with the title of kouropalates and allowed to retire with his brother to Didymoteichon.[2][17][20] The fate of his son Romanos Skleros is unclear: he remained in active military service, and W. Seibt suggested that he served as doux of Antioch, but the post was occupied at the time by Michael Bourtzes. According to J.-C. Cheynet, Romanos may have been either Bourtzes' deputy or even a stratopedarches or domestikos ton scholon.[21]

11世纪的兴衰

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Unlike their erstwhile rivals, the Phokades, the Skleroi managed to survive and retain high offices under Basil II and his successors.[22] Basil Skleros, a son of Romanos, is attested as a patrikios under Constantine VIII (統治時期 1025–1028), when he was exiled and partially blinded, but was rehabilitated under Romanos III Argyros (統治時期 1028–1034), whose sister Pulcheria he had married. He became magistros and strategos of the Anatolic Theme, before being exiled again ca. 1032/33.[2][22][23]

Basil Skleros and Pulcheria Argyropoulina had a daughter, who became the second wife of Constantine Monomachos, later in life Emperor Constantine IX (統治時期 1042–1055).[22][24] Under Monomachos' rule, two other Skleroi, Romanos and Maria, possibly the children of a brother of Basil's appear and gain prominence.[25][22] Maria Skleraina became Constantine IX's mistress,[22][5] while her brother advanced from strategos of the Thracesian Theme to the supreme rank of proedros and the post of doux of Antioch. His rivalry with George Maniakes contributed to the latter's rebellion, and he was one of the main supporters of the successful revolt of Isaac I Komnenos (統治時期 1057–1059). He may have even been promoted to Domestic of the Schools under Isaac or his successor, Constantine X Doukas (統治時期 1059–1068).[22][26]

The family declined in importance thereafter, and most of the late 11th-century Skleroi were civil officials rather than military leaders.[27] Among the most important of these are: the protonobelissimos and logothetes tou dromou Andronikos Skleros; the protoproedros and kouropalates Nicholas, who served as Grand Drungary of the Watch; the protoproedros and kouropalates Michael, exisotes and civil judge of Macedonia and Thrace; and the magistros Leo Skleros, civil governor of the Anatolic and Opsician themes and chartoularios tou vestiariou.[22][28][27]

12-14世纪

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The Skleroi did not intermarry with the new Komnenian dynasty (1081–1185), and hence fell out of power. From the 12th century, members of the Skleros family appear only rarely in the sources:[27][29] a certain Seth Skleros was blinded 1166/67 for practising magic;[27][30] a Romanos Skleros, who lived at the turn of the 13th century and probably held large estates; a sebastos Skleros, landholder at Serres in 1336; and a Demetrios Skleros, official of the metropolis of Zichnoi (near Serres) in 1362.[27][29]

引用

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  1. ^ Stouraitis 2003，Chapter 1.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Kazhdan 1991，第1911頁.
  3. ^ Ararat Quarterly 36. Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. 1995: 63 （英语）. 
  4. ^ Blaum, Paul A. The Days of the Warlords: A History of the Byzantine Empire, A.D. 969-991. University Press of America. 1994: 5–6. ISBN 978-0-8191-9657-6 （英语）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Cheynet 1990，第215頁.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Stouraitis 2003，Chapter 2.1.
  7. ^ Cheynet 1990，第215, 323頁.
  8. ^ Treadgold 1997，第447頁.
  9. ^ PmbZ，Skleros (#18038).
  10. ^ Whittow 1996，第339頁.
  11. ^ Whittow 1996，第345頁.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Stouraitis 2003，Chapter 2.2.
  13. ^ PmbZ，Pantherios (#28397).
  14. ^ Cheynet 1990，第325頁.
  15. ^ Treadgold 1997，第507–508頁.
  16. ^ Cheynet 1990，第24頁.
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Stouraitis 2003，Chapter 2.3.
  18. ^ Davids 2002，第79–81頁.
  19. ^ Cheynet 1990，第27–29頁.
  20. ^ Cheynet 1990，第33–34頁.
  21. ^ Stouraitis 2003，Note 7.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 Stouraitis 2003，Chapter 2.4.
  23. ^ Cheynet 1990，第39–40, 193頁.
  24. ^ Cheynet 1990，第195頁.
  25. ^ Kazhdan 1991，第1911–1912頁.
  26. ^ Cheynet 1990，第68, 311 note 41, 340–341頁.
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Kazhdan 1991，第1912頁.
  28. ^ Stouraitis 2003，Auxiliary Catalogs.
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Stouraitis 2003，Chapter 2.5.
  30. ^ Cheynet 1990，第108頁.

来源

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