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User:MorningstarSunset/自由及开放源代码软件

维基百科,自由的百科全书
自由开源软件(FOSS)的屏幕截图:正在运行KDE Plasma 5桌面环境FirefoxDolphin 文件管理器VLC 媒体播放器LibreOffice WriterGIMPKCalcFedora Linux 36

自由与开源的许可证是指那些允许用户使用、修改和向所有人分发软件(无论是否修改)的许可证。自由与开源软件Free and open-source software, FOSS )是使用自由或开源许可证软件。而 FOSS 是一个涵盖自由软件开源软件的包容性总称[a] [9] FOSS所保障的用户权利由《自由软件定义》中的“四项基本自由”和《开源定义》的相关标准定义。所有 FOSS 都必须有公开可用的源代码,但并非所有公开源代码的软件都是 FOSS。采用受到限制的许可或不完全公开源代码的软件被称为专有软件,FOSS 是专有软件的对立面。

FOSS 自 20 世纪 60 年代至 80 年代的计算机业余爱好者和学者为主公共领域软件生态演化而来。FOSS 生态中,自由和开源的操作系统,诸如 Linux 发行版BSD 的衍生版本被广泛用于数百万台服务器台式机智能手机或其他设备。[10] [11] 许多软件也采用了自由软件许可证开源许可证。使用自由与开源软件的优点包括更便宜的软件价格、更低的恶意软件风险、更加稳定、更注重用户隐私、以及让用户对自己的硬件有更多的控制权。同时自由与开源软件还被广泛用于教育活动。

自由软件运动和开源软件运动都是在线社会运动,旨在广泛开发、使用和推广 FOSS。自由软件运动参与者更喜欢使用等效术语自由和开源软件FLOSS )。FOSS 是一个组织松散的活动,许多有着共同的基础哲学观点的不同组织、基金会、社区和个人参与其中。他们团结协作,但在细节问题上可能存在分歧。

概述

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“自由与开源软件”(Free and Open Source software, FOSS)是自由软件开源软件总称。“自由软件”和“开源软件”被定义为:允许用户任自由使用,修改,按个人意愿重新发布原版或者改版(有时要求采用特殊软件许可证),而不需要向作者支付版税或其他费用。[12]

尽管自由软件许可证和开源软件许可证的内容几乎一致,但这两种立场之间存在着巨大的哲学分歧。 创造 FOSS 这一术语是为了在自由软件基金会(FSF) 与开放源代码促进会(OSI) 之间的哲学分歧上保持中立。并指代同时符合这两个概念的软件。但 Richard Stallman 认为,相较于表达相同意思的“FLOSS”(Free/Libre and Open Source Software) FOSS 未能保持中立。 [13]

自由软件

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自由软件基金会 (FSF) 采用的 理查德·斯托曼 所写的《自由软件定义》一文中的定义,将自由软件定义为“自由”,而非“免费”(在英文中, Free software 里的 Free 同时有“自由”和“免费”的意思), [14] [15] 并且提出四项基本自由。已知最早发表他的自由软件定义的出版物是 FSF 现已停止出版的 GNU 公报 1986 年 2 月版。 [16] 有关自由软件的定义的文档可以在GNU 工程网站的哲学部分找到。截至2017年8月 (2017-08),该文档已被翻译成 40 种语言。 [17]

自由软件的四项基本自由

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为了符合“自由软件”的定义,FSF 要求软件许可证尊重软件用户的公民自由/人权。FSF 认为软件的公民自由/人权可被概括为“四项基本自由”。 [18]

  • 无论用户出于何种目的,必须可以按照用户意愿,自由地运行该软件。(自由度 0)。 [b]
  • 用户可以自由地学习并修改该软件,以此来帮助用户完成用户自己的计算。作为前提,用户必须可以访问到该软件的源代码。(自由度 1)。
  • 用户可以自由地分发该软件的拷贝,这样就可以助人。(自由度 2)。
  • 用户可以自由地分发该软件修改后的拷贝。借此,用户可以把改进后的软件分享给整个社区令他人也从中受益。作为前提,用户必须可以访问到该软件的源代码。(自由 3)。

[19]

开源软件

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开放源代码促进会(OSI) 依据开源定义来确定软件许可证是否符合该组织的开源软件标准。该定义基于Debian 自由软件指南,主要由布鲁斯·佩伦斯(Bruce Perens)撰写并改编。 [20] [21] 佩伦斯的文章并没有以自由软件基金会发布的自由软件四项基本自由为基础,自由软件四项基本自由在互联网上发布的时间晚于佩伦斯的文章。 [22] 佩伦斯表后来表示,他认为埃里克·雷蒙德对开源的推广不公平地掩盖了自由软件基金会的努力,同时重申了他对自由软件的支持。 [23] 在 21 世纪,他继续致力于推广开源软件。[24] [25]

历史

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在计算机发展的早期,特别是从 20 世纪 50 年代到 70 年代,软件开发以共同合作为主流。学者、研究人员和企业开发人员之间通常共享软件源码。当时大多数公司通过销售硬件获得收入,而软件(包括源代码)则通常作为公共领域软件与硬件一起免费发布。[26] [27]

到了 20 世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代,全新的软件产业开始出现。公司开始将软件作为单独的产品出售,通过限制性许可证和技术措施(例如仅分发二进制可执行文件)来限制用户获取和控制软件。这种转变源自日益激烈的竞争,以及美国政府对硬件捆绑软件的反垄断审查,1969 年的反垄断案“美国诉 IBM”就是一个例子。[28]

1980 年是一个关键的转折点。随着美国版权法正式扩展至计算机软件, [29]IBM 等公司开始进一步实施闭源分发模式。1983年,IBM 推出“仅目标代码(object code only)”政策,停止分发其系统软件的源代码。[30]

为了应对日益增多的软件限制,理查德·斯托曼于 1983 年在麻省理工学院启动了 GNU 项目。他的目标是开发一个完整的自由软件操作系统,以此恢复用户的软件自由。为实现这一目标,自由软件基金会 (FSF) 于 1985 年成立。斯托曼的《GNU 宣言》和《四项基本自由》概述了该运动的道德立场,强调用户对软件的控制。 [19]

1991 年,Linus Torvalds 发布 Linux 内核,并于 1992 年采用 GNU 通用公共许可证 (GNU General Public License, GPL) ,标志着完全自由操作系统的重要一步。 [31] 1993 年 USL 诉 BSDi 诉讼案解决后,FreeBSD、NetBSD 和 OpenBSD 等其他自由软件项目也获得了发展动力。

1997 年,埃里克·雷蒙德 (Eric Raymond) 的作品《大教堂与集市》探讨了自由软件的发展模式,该书籍促成了 Netscape 于 1998 年将其浏览器套件源代码开源的决定,并最终演化为了 Mozilla Firefox(火狐浏览器) 和 Thunderbird(雷鸟邮件客户端)。

为了扩大商业应用,包括雷蒙德、布鲁斯·佩伦斯、蒂姆·奥莱利和林纳斯·托瓦兹在内的一群开发者将自由软件分化为“开源软件”。为推广这一新术语,开放源代码促进会(OSI)于1998年成立,他们强调协作开发的益处而非意识形态。[32]

尽管最初遭到抵制——例如微软在 2001 年声称“开源是知识产权的破坏者”——但自由与开源软件最终在企业界获得了广泛认可。像红帽这样的公司证明了商业成功和自由软件原则可以共存。 [33] [34] [35]

应用

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优于专有软件的优势

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个人控制、可定制性和自由

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自由与开源软件的用户享有四项基本自由,可以不受限制地使用、研究、复制、修改和重新分发此类软件(无论是否经过修改)。如果他们想改变软件的功能,他们可以对代码进行更改,并且如果他们愿意,可以分发修改后的软件版本,或者更常见的做法,通过推送更改或请求更改来更新原软件,这取决于原软件的社区协作模式。 [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]

隐私和安全

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专有闭源软件的制造商有时会迫于压力,在其软件中内置后门或其他隐蔽的、不受欢迎的功能。 [41] [42] [43] [44] 而自由与开源软件软件的用户不必信任软件供应商,可以自己检查源代码,或者信任由志愿者和用户组成的社区。 [40] 由于专有代码通常不向公众公开,因此只有供应商自己和黑客才可能知道其中的漏洞[40]自由与开源软件可以通过尽可能多的人的参与,快速揭露漏洞。 [45] [46]

低价甚至免费

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尽管经常鼓励捐赠,但自由与开源软件通常是免费的。以便用户能够更好地测试软件,比较软件,从而选取自己喜欢的软件。 [40]

高质量,高效,合作友好

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自由与开源软件有帮于各组织和个人之间更好地协作,为其用户或具体用例开发最高效的软件,而专有软件通常是为了盈利。此外,在很多情况下,对开源项目做出贡献的组织和个人多于专有软件。 [40]事实上,技术帮助通常是公司选择开源软件的主要原因。 [40]

与专有软件相比的缺点

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安全和用户支持

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根据林纳斯定律,能够查看和测试一组代码的人越多,就越有可能快速发现和修复任何缺陷。然而,并非所有代码都会得到大量的关注,在某些情况下,拥有一批全职专业人员来开发的商业产品可能比对应自由与开源软件更好。 [40] [45] [47]

此外,公开的源代码可能会让黑客更容易找到其中的漏洞并编写漏洞利用程序,而专有代码的逆向工程对恶意黑客来说是一个重大障碍[45]。但这一说法建立在恶意黑客比专门寻找或修复,协调披露漏洞的白帽黑客更有效,同时专有软件不会发生代码泄露或渗透的前提下。

硬件和软件兼容性

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有时,自由与开源软件与专有硬件或特定软件不兼容。这通常因为制造商设法阻碍自由与开源软件运动,例如不公开为其硬件编写驱动程序所需的接口或其他规范。以此让客户只运行他们自己的专有软件或者其合作伙伴的产品,并从中受益。 [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]

Bug 和缺失的功能

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如果我们仅仅讨论自由与开源软件与专有软件的对比,自由与开源软件往往在功能和稳定性方面占优,但在具体到特定领域的软件上,与同类商业软件相比,自由与开源软件有更多未修复的错误和缺失的功能。 [55][需要更多来源]这因情况而异,通常取决于开发者对特定项目的感兴趣程度。尽管如此,与闭源软件不同,任何有动力、时间和技能的人都可以对它进行改进。 [47][需要更多来源]

由于部分标准的昂贵版税保密协议,缺乏一些官方标准的许可是自由/开源软件开发的一个常见障碍(例如DVD 视频格式)。 [56]

发展保障不足

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与公司支持的商业软件相比,自由与开源软件项目能否获得持续开发所需的资源和人力往往更不确定。 [57][需要更多来源]不过,商业公司也经常因为无利可图而取消项目,同时,大公司也可能会依赖开源软件,并共同开发该开源软件。 [46]另一方面,如果专有软件的供应商停止开发,用户除了放弃该软件,别无选择;而对于自由与开源软件,任何需要它的用户仍然有权利和源代码继续自己开发,或者付费给第三方来开发。

缺少应用

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由于Linux的发行版这样的自由与开源操作系统在最终用户市场上的份额较低,因此可用的应用程序也较少。 [58] [59]

政府采用

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Country Description
阿根廷 The government of 阿根廷 launched the program Conectar Igualdad(连接平等), through ANSES and the Ministry of Education (Argentina) launched during the presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, that gave kids on public schools free laptops to use for educative purposes. By default, it came with Huayra GNU/Linux, a free and open-source Linux operating system developed by the Argentinian technology ministry, based on Debian, using the MATE Desktop.
Austria In 2005, Vienna migrated from Microsoft Office 2000 to OpenOffice.org and from Microsoft Windows 2000 to Linux.[60]
Brazil In 2006, the Brazilian government has simultaneously encouraged the distribution of cheap computers running Linux throughout its poorer communities by subsidizing their purchase with tax breaks.[61]
Canada In 2017, the city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, opened up most of its new internal software development efforts to reduce its own software costs, and increase collaboration with other municipalities looking to solve similar problems.
Ecuador In April 2008,[62] Ecuador passed a similar law, Decree 1014, designed to migrate the public sector to Libre Software.[63]
France In March 2009, the French Gendarmerie Nationale announced it will totally switch to Ubuntu by 2015. The Gendarmerie began its transition to open source software in 2005 when it replaced Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org across the entire organization.[64] In September 2012, the French Prime Minister laid down a set of action-oriented recommendations about using open-source in the French public administration.[65] These recommendations are published in a document based on the works of an inter-ministerial group of experts.[66] This document promotes some orientations like establishing an actual convergence on open-source stubs, activating a network of expertise about converging stubs, improving the support of open-source software, contributing to selected stubs, following the big communities, spreading alternatives to the main commercial solutions, tracing the use of open-source and its effects, developing the culture of use of the open-source licenses in the developments of public information systems. One of the aim of this experts groups is also to establish lists of recommended open-source software to use in the French public administration.[67]
Germany In the German City of Munich, conversion of 15,000 PCs and laptops from Microsoft Windows-based operating systems to a Debian-based Linux environment called LiMux spanned the ten years of 2003 to 2013. After successful completion of the project, more than 80% of all computers were running Linux.[68] On November 13, 2017, The Register reported that Munich was planning to revert to Windows 10 by 2020.[69] But in 2020, Munich decided to shift back from Microsoft to Linux again.[70] In 2022 Germany launched[71] Open CoDE, its own FOSS repository and forum.
India The Government of Kerala, India, announced its official support for free and open-source software in its State IT Policy of 2001,[72][discuss] which was formulated after the first-ever Free software conference in India, Freedom First!, held in July 2001 in Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala. In 2009, Government of Kerala started the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS).[73] In March 2015 the Indian government announced a policy on adoption of FOSS.[74][75]
Italy The Italian military is transitioning to LibreOffice and the OpenDocument Format (ODF). LibreItalia Association announced on September 15, 2015, that the Ministry of Defence would over the next year-and-a-half install this suite of office productivity tools on some 150,000 PC workstations, making it Europe's second-largest LibreOffice implementation.[76] By June 23, 2016, 6,000 stations have been migrated.[77] E-learning military platform.[78][需要更新]
Jordan In January 2010, the Government of Jordan announced a partnership with Ingres Corporation (now named Actian), an open-source database-management company based in the United States, to promote open-source software use, starting with university systems in Jordan.[79]
Malaysia Malaysia launched the "Malaysian Public Sector Open Source Software Program", saving millions on proprietary software licenses until 2008.[80][81]
Peru In 2005, the Government of Peru voted to adopt open source across all its bodies.[82] The 2002 response to Microsoft's critique is available online. In the preamble to the bill, the Peruvian government stressed that the choice was made to ensure that key pillars of democracy were safeguarded: "The basic principles which inspire the Bill are linked to the basic guarantees of a state of law."[83]
Portugal In 2000, the Portuguese Vieira do Minho Municipality began switching to free and open-source software.[84]
Romania IOSSPL is a free and open source software used for public libraries in Romania.[85]
Spain In 2017, The City of Barcelona started to migrate its computer systems away from the Windows platform . The City's strategy was first to replace all user applications with open-source alternatives, until the underlying Windows operating system is the only proprietary software remaining. In a final step, the operating system replaced with Linux.[86]
Uganda In September 2014, the Uganda National Information Technology Authority (NITA-U) announced a call for feedback on an Open Source Strategy & Policy[87] at a workshop in conjunction with the ICT Association of Uganda (ICTAU).
United States In February 2009, the White House moved its website to Linux servers using Drupal for content management.[88] In August 2016, the United States government announced a new federal source code policy which mandates that at least 20% of custom source code developed by or for any agency of the federal government be released as open-source software (OSS).[89] In addition, the policy requires that all source code be shared between agencies. The public release is under a three-year pilot program and agencies are obliged to collect data on this pilot to gauge its performance. The overall policy aims to reduce duplication, avoid vendor 'lock-in', and stimulate collaborative development. A new website code.gov provides "an online collection of tools, best practices, and schemas to help agencies implement this policy", the policy announcement stated. It also provides the "primary discoverability portal for custom-developed software intended both for Government-wide reuse and for release as OSS".[89] As yet unspecified OSS licenses will be added to the code.[90]
Venezuela In 2004, a law in Venezuela (Decree 3390) went into effect, mandating a two-year transition to open source in all public agencies. 截至June 2009年 (June 2009-Missing required parameter 1=month!), the transition was still under way.[91][92][已过时]

超国家联盟和国际组织采用

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欧盟

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"We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable -- one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could."
Official statement of the United Space Alliance, which manages the computer systems for the International Space Station (ISS), regarding why they chose to switch from Windows to Linux on the ISS.[93][94]

2017 年,欧盟委员会表示,“欧盟机构应该成为开源软件的用户,甚至比现在更加积极”("EU institutions should become open source software users themselves, even more than they already are"),并将开源软件与大数据、移动性、云计算物联网一起列为九大关键创新驱动力之一。 [95]

2020 年,欧盟委员会通过了《2020-2023 年开源战略》[96]其中包括将鼓励软件的共享和重复使用,以及公开委员会软件的源代码作为关键目标。具体行动包括于 2020 年成立开放源代码计划办公室[97] ,并于 2022 年推出自己的 FOSS 存储库https://code.europa.eu/ [98]

2021 年,欧盟委员会通过了《关于委员会软件的开源许可和再利用的决定》(2021/C 495 I/01) [99] ,根据该决定,作为一般原则,欧盟委员会可以根据欧盟公共许可证(EUPL)或其他更合适的自由与开源许可证发布软件。但也有例外。

2022 年 5 月, [100]欧洲公共服务互操作性专家组发布了 27 项建议,旨在加强欧盟各地公共行政部门的互操作性。欧盟委员会将在同年晚些时候提出的《欧洲互操作法案》提案中考虑这些建议。

这是右侧对欧盟公告引用的翻译版本:“我们将关键功能从Windows迁移到了Linux,因为我们需要一个稳定且可靠的操作系统——一个能让我们自主掌控的系统。这样,当我们需要打补丁、调整或适配时,我们就能立即行动。”——国际空间站(ISS)计算机系统管理机构“联合太空联盟”(United Space Alliance)就为何在ISS上从Windows转向Linux作出的官方声明。

生产

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开源软件开发 (OSSD) 是开发开源软件的过程。该软件的源代码向公众开放,可供使用、修改和增强。[101]著名的开源软件产品有 Mozilla Firefox、Android 和 VLC 媒体播放器。[102]与瀑布式等传统方法不同。[102]开源软件开发最常使用敏捷开发策略,其特点是快速迭代和增量开发,倾向于早期发布和社区参与。[103]开源软件开发人员通常会使用电子邮件、维基百科、网络论坛和即时通讯服务等方式进行沟通,因为开发者往往分散在世界各地。[104]同时使用 Git 等版本控制系统让代码协作更加容易。 [102]

问题和事件

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GPLv3争议

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GNU 通用公共许可证 (GPL) 是自由和开源软件 (FOSS) 社区中最广泛使用的版权许可证之一,由自由软件基金会 (FSF) 创建。第 2 版(GPLv2)于 1991 年发布,在保护用户运行、研究、修改和共享软件的自由方面发挥了核心作用。 [105]然而,随着技术和法律环境的发展,特别是数字版权管理 (DRM)和软件专利的兴起,一些开发人员和法律专家认为,GPLv2 不足以在新环境下保护用户自由。 [106]因此开发了GPLv3以解决这些问题。 [107]

虽然版权是自由和开源软件作者用来确保其软件符合许可证的主要法律机制,但立法、专利和商标等其他机制也有不可忽视影响。为了解决有关专利和数字千年版权法(DMCA) 的法律问题,自由软件基金会于 2007 年发布了GNU 通用公共许可证第 3 版(GNU GPLv3),其中明确规定了 DMCA 和专利权的问题。

GPLv3 旨在解决的关键问题之一是被称为Tivoization的做法,该做法以 TiVo 公司的名字命名,该公司使用 GPL 软件,但实施了硬件限制,阻止用户运行该软件的修改版本。自由软件基金会 (FSF) 将此视为对软件自由的直接侵犯,因而 GPLv3 加入了明确禁止此类行为的条款。 [108]此外,GPLv3 加入了条款来保护用户免受软件专利的限制,坚持了用户应该对其使用的软件保留控制权的理念。

在 2007 年 GNU GPLv3 发布之后,FSF(作为 GNU 系统许多软件的版权持有者)选择将许多[來源請求] GNU 程序许可证从 GPLv2 升级到 GPLv3。另一方面,新版 GPL 的采用在 FOSS 生态系统中引起了热烈的讨论, [109]有几个项目决定不升级到 GPLv3。例如, Linux 内核[110] [111]BusyBox [112] [113]项目、 AdvFS [114]Blender [115]VLC 媒体播放器[116]

苹果公司GCC的用户,也是DRM和专利的重度用户,它将其Xcode IDE 中的编译器从 GCC 切换到了Clang ,后者是另一个自由与开源的编译器[117] ,但采用了宽松的许可证[118] LWN 推测苹果这样做的部分原因是想避开 GPLv3。 [117] Samba 项目也转换到了 GPLv3,因此 Apple 在其软件套件中用闭源的专有软件替代品取代了Samba[119]

GPLv3 的争议反映了开源社区中普遍的哲学分歧:人们是否应该使用积极捍卫用户自由的许可证(如copyleft 系列的许可证),还是采取更宽松、协作但模糊的方式。GPLv3 的支持者称赞 GPLv3 保护了用户免于硬件和专利所施加的限制, [120]但批评者认为它制造了法律和意识形态的障碍,使其开发变得复杂,并降低了个人或者公司采用软件的意愿。 [121]这一事件有助于提高 MIT 和 Apache 许可证等宽松许可证的接受度,尤其是商业软件开发商的接受度。 [122]

优先级不合理、效率低下且开发人员自私自利

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Leemhuis 批评自由与开源软件的优先级不合理现象——那些拥有熟练开发技能的人员,不去修复已经流行的开源应用程序和桌面环境中的问题,而是而是去创建新的、大多是多余的软件,以此获得名利。 [123]

他还批评笔记本电脑制造商只私下优化自己的产品或创造只使用于自己产品变通方法,而不是帮助解决笔记本电脑上 Linux 存在的诸多根源性问题,例如不必要的功耗。 [123]

开源软件的商业所有权

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并购已经影响到了主要的开源软件。 Sun Microsystems (Sun)于 2008 年并购了流行的开源MySQL数据库的所有者MySQL AB[124]

甲骨文又于 2010 年 1 月收购了 Sun,获得了其版权、专利和商标。至此,Oracle 同时拥有了最受欢迎的专有数据库和最受欢迎的开源数据库。在这之后,甲骨文试图将开源 MySQL 数据库商业化,这引起了自由和开源软件社区的担忧。 [125]出于对 MySQL 未来的不确定性的担心和其他原因,自由和开源软件社区分叉该项目,建立 Oracle 无法控制的新数据库系统。其中包括MariaDBPercona和Drizzle 。 [126]它们都是不同的项目,不能使用 MySQL 这个商标名。 [127]

法律案件

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甲骨文诉谷歌

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2010年8月,甲骨文起诉谷歌,声称其在Android中使用Java侵犯了甲骨文的版权和专利。 2012年5月,审判法官裁定谷歌没有侵犯甲骨文的专利,并裁定谷歌使用的Java API的结构不具有版权。陪审团裁定谷歌少量复制文件侵权,但双方约定谷歌不会支付赔偿金。 [128]甲骨文向联邦巡回法院提起上诉,谷歌则就文字复制指控提起交叉上诉[129]

经济学

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自由/开源软件(FOSS)运动通过挑战信息构建与使用方面的所有权规定(这是当代增长的关键领域),总体上反对新自由主义私有化[130] [131]

通过实现新数字世界富足经济”的历史潜力,自由和开放源码软件或许可以制定出一套政治抵抗计划,或者为资本主义的潜在转型指明道路。 [131]

哈佛大学法学院创业法律研究教授Yochai Benkler称,免费软件是基于公共资源的新型信息、知识和文化同行生产经济中最引人注目的部分。作为例子,他列举了各种自由/开源软件项目,包括免费软件和开源软件。 [132]

参见

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笔记

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  1. ^ 尽管自由软件和开源软件有着相似的开发模式,但有着不同的文化和哲学背景,自由与开源软件(FOSS)是一个同时覆盖自由软件开源软件的包容性术语。[1][2] 自由指用户复制和重用软件的自由。提倡自由软件模式组织,自由软件基金会, 建议理解这一概念为“自由言论的自由,而不是免费啤酒的免费"。[note 1] (参见 自由软件的定义. GNU. [4 February 2010]. )自由软件聚焦于它提供给用户的基本自由,而开源软件强调它们认为的对等开发模式的优点。[3]
  2. ^ Zero-based numbering, in which the initial element of a sequence is assigned the index 0, is typically used in computer programming

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  108. ^ FSF releases the GNU General Public License, version 3 — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software. www.fsf.org. [2025-04-15]. 
  109. ^ Mark. The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation. socializedsoftware.com. 2008-05-08 [2015-11-30]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-08). Currently the decision to move from GPL v2 to GPL v3 is being hotly debated by many open source projects. According to Palamida, a provider of IP compliance software, there have been roughly 2489 open source projects that have moved from GPL v2 to later versions. 
  110. ^ Torvalds, Linus. COPYING. kernel.org. [13 August 2013]. (原始内容存档于17 December 2015). Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated. 
  111. ^ Kerner, Sean Michael. Torvalds Still Keen On GPLv2. internetnews.com. 2008-01-08 [2015-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2015-02-12). "In some ways, Linux was the project that really made the split clear between what the FSF is pushing which is very different from what open source and Linux has always been about, which is more of a technical superiority instead of a -- this religious belief in freedom," Torvalds told Zemlin. "So, the GPL Version 3 reflects the FSF's goals and the GPL Version 2 pretty closely matches what I think a license should do and so right now, Version 2 is where the kernel is." 
  112. ^ corbet. Busy busy busybox. lwn.net. 2006-10-01 [2015-11-21]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-07). Since BusyBox can be found in so many embedded systems, it finds itself at the core of the GPLv3 anti-DRM debate. [...]The real outcomes, however, are this: BusyBox will be GPLv2 only starting with the next release. It is generally accepted that stripping out the "or any later version" is legally defensible, and that the merging of other GPLv2-only code will force that issue in any case 
  113. ^ Landley, Rob. Re: Move GPLv2 vs v3 fun.... lwn.net. 2006-09-09 [2015-11-21]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-07). Don't invent a straw man argument please. I consider licensing BusyBox under GPLv3 to be useless, unnecessary, overcomplicated, and confusing, and in addition to that it has actual downsides. 1) Useless: We're never dropping GPLv2. 
  114. ^ HP Press Release: HP Contributes Source Code to Open Source Community to Advance Adoption of Linux. www.hp.com. [2016-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2011-12-27). 
  115. ^ Prokoudine, Alexandre. What's up with DWG adoption in free software?. librearts.org. 26 January 2012 [2025-03-09]. [Blender's Toni Roosendaal:] "Blender is also still 'GPLv2 or later'. For the time being we stick to that, moving to GPL 3 has no evident benefits I know of." 
  116. ^ Denis-Courmont, Rémi. VLC media player to remain under GNU GPL version 2. videolan.org. [2015-11-21]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-22). In 2001, VLC was released under the OSI-approved GNU General Public version 2, with the commonly-offered option to use "any later version" thereof (though there was not any such later version at the time). Following the release by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) of the new version 3 of its GNU General Public License (GPL) on the 29th of June 2007, contributors to the VLC media player, and other software projects hosted at videolan.org, debated the possibility of updating the licensing terms for future version of the VLC media player and other hosted projects, to version 3 of the GPL. [...] There is strong concern that these new additional requirements might not match the industrial and economic reality of our time, especially in the market of consumer electronics. It is our belief that changing our licensing terms to GPL version 3 would currently not be in the best interest of our community as a whole. Consequently, we plan to keep distributing future versions of VLC media player under the terms of the GPL version 2. 
  117. ^ 117.0 117.1 Brockmeier 2010.
  118. ^ LLVM Developer Policy. LLVM. [November 19, 2012]. (原始内容存档于November 13, 2012). 
  119. ^ Holwerda 2011.
  120. ^ FSF releases the GNU General Public License, version 3 — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software. www.fsf.org. [2025-04-15]. 
  121. ^ Kernel developers' position on GPLv3 [LWN.net]. lwn.net. [2025-04-15]. 
  122. ^ O'Grady, Stephen. The State of Open Source Licensing. tecosystems. 2017-01-13 [2025-04-15] (美国英语). 
  123. ^ 123.0 123.1 Leemhuis, Thorsten. Kommentar: Linux scheitert an Egozentrik. heise online. 7 July 2017 [12 July 2017]. (原始内容存档于7 July 2017) (de-DE). 
  124. ^ Sun to Acquire MySQL. MySQL AB. [2008-01-16]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-18). 
  125. ^ Thomson 2011.
  126. ^ Samson 2011.
  127. ^ Nelson 2009.
  128. ^ Niccolai 2012.
  129. ^ Jones 2012.
  130. ^ Berry, David M. Copy, Rip Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source 1. London: Pluto Press. 2008: 272 [2021-03-25]. ISBN 978-0745324142. (原始内容存档于2021-07-09). 
  131. ^ 131.0 131.1 Georgopoulou, Panayiota. The free/open source software movement Resistance or change?. Civitas - Revista de Ciências Sociais. 2009, 9 (1) [11 July 2017]. ISSN 1519-6089. doi:10.15448/1984-7289.2009.1.5569可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于13 July 2017). 
  132. ^ Benkler 2003.


来源

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[[Category:軟體授權]] [[Category:自由软件]]

概述

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“自由与开源软件”(Free and Open Source software, FOSS)是自由软件开源软件总称。“自由软件”和“开源软件”被定义为:允许用户任自由使用,修改,按个人意愿重新发布原版或者改版(有时要求采用特殊软件许可证),而不需要向作者支付版税或其他费用。[1]

尽管自由软件许可证和开源软件许可证的内容几乎一致,但这两种立场之间存在着巨大的哲学分歧。 创造 FOSS 这一术语是为了在自由软件基金会(FSF) 与开放源代码促进会(OSI) 之间的哲学分歧上保持中立。并指代同时符合这两个概念的软件。但 Richard Stallman 认为,相较于表达相同意思的“FLOSS”(Free/Libre and Open Source Software) FOSS 未能保持中立。[2]

自由软件

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自由软件基金会 (FSF) 采用的 Richard Stallman 所写的《自由软件定义》一文中的定义,将自由软件定义为“自由”,而非“免费”(在英文中, Free software 里的 Free 同时有“自由”和“免费”的意思), [3] [4]并且提出四项基本自由。已知最早发表他的自由软件定义的出版物是 FSF 现已停止出版的 GNU 公报 1986 年 2 月版[5] 。有关自由软件的定义的文档可以在GNU 工程网站的哲学部分找到。截至2017年8月 (2017-08),该文档已被翻译成 40 种语言。 [6]

自由软件的四项基本自由

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为了符合“自由软件”的定义,FSF 要求软件许可证尊重软件用户的公民自由/人权。FSF 认为软件的公民自由/人权可被概括为“四项基本自由”。 [7]

  • 无论用户出于何种目的,必须可以按照用户意愿,自由地运行该软件。(自由度 0)。 [a]
  • 用户可以自由地学习并修改该软件,以此来帮助用户完成用户自己的计算。作为前提,用户必须可以访问到该软件的源代码。(自由度 1)。
  • 用户可以自由地分发该软件的拷贝,这样就可以助人。(自由度 2)。
  • 用户可以自由地分发该软件修改后的拷贝。借此,用户可以把改进后的软件分享给整个社区令他人也从中受益。作为前提,用户必须可以访问到该软件的源代码。(自由 3)。 [8]

开源软件

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开放源代码促进会(OSI) 依据开源定义来确定软件许可证是否符合该组织的开源软件标准。该定义基于Debian 自由软件指南,主要由布鲁斯·佩伦斯(Bruce Perens)撰写并改编。[9] [10]佩伦斯的文章并没有以自由软件基金会发布的自由软件四项基本自由为基础,自由软件四项基本自由在互联网上发布的时间晚于开源定义[11]在转向开源软件之后,佩伦斯表示,他认为埃里克·雷蒙德对开源的推广不公平地掩盖了自由软件基金会的努力,并重申了他对自由软件的支持。 [12]之后在 21 世纪,他继续致力于推广开源软件。[13] [14]

历史

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在计算机发展的早期,特别是从 20 世纪 50 年代到 70 年代,软件开发以共同合作为主流。学者、研究人员和企业开发人员之间通常共享软件源码。当时大多数公司通过销售硬件获得收入,而软件(包括源代码)则与硬件一起免费发布,通常作为公共领域软件。[15] [16]

到了 20 世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代,全新的软件产业开始出现。公司开始将软件作为单独的产品出售,通过限制性许可证和技术措施(例如仅分发二进制可执行文件)来限制用户获取和控制软件。这种转变源自日益激烈的竞争,以及美国政府对硬件捆绑软件的反垄断审查,1969 年的反垄断案“美国诉 IBM”就是一个例子。[17]

1980 年是一个关键的转折点。随着美国版权法正式扩展至计算机软件, [18]IBM 等公司开始进一步实施闭源分发模式。1983年,IBM 推出“仅目标代码(object code only)”政策,停止分发其系统软件的源代码。[19]

为了应对日益增多的软件限制,理查德·斯托曼于 1983 年在麻省理工学院启动了 GNU 项目。他的目标是开发一个完整的自由软件操作系统,以此恢复用户的软件自由。为实现这一目标,自由软件基金会 (FSF) 于 1985 年成立。斯托曼的《GNU 宣言》和《四项基本自由》概述了该运动的道德立场,强调用户对软件的控制。[8]

1991 年,Linus Torvalds 发布 Linux 内核,并于 1992 年采用 GNU 通用公共许可证 (GNU General Public License, GPL) ,标志着完全自由操作系统的重要一步。 [20] 1993 年 USL 诉 BSDi 诉讼案解决后,FreeBSD、NetBSD 和 OpenBSD 等其他自由软件项目也获得了发展动力。

1997 年,埃里克·雷蒙德 (Eric Raymond) 的作品《大教堂与集市》探讨了自由软件的发展模式,该书籍促成了 Netscape 于 1998 年将其浏览器套件源代码开源的决定,并最终演化为了 Mozilla Firefox(火狐浏览器) 和 Thunderbird(雷鸟邮件客户端)。

为了扩大商业应用,包括雷蒙德、布鲁斯·佩伦斯、蒂姆·奥莱利和林纳斯·托瓦兹在内的一群开发者将自由软件分化为“开源软件”。为推广这一新术语,开放源代码促进会(OSI)于1998年成立,他们强调协作开发的益处而非意识形态。[21]

尽管最初遭到抵制——例如微软在 2001 年声称“开源是知识产权的破坏者”——但自由与开源软件最终在企业界获得了广泛认可。像红帽这样的公司证明了商业成功和自由软件原则可以共存。 [22] [23] [24]

实践

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优于专有软件的优势

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个人控制、可定制性和自由

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自由与开源软件的用户享有四项基本自由,可以不受限制地使用、研究、复制、修改和重新分发此类软件(无论是否经过修改)。如果他们想改变软件的功能,他们可以对代码进行更改,并且如果他们愿意,可以分发修改后的软件版本,或者更常见的做法,通过推送更改或请求更改来更新原软件,这取决于原软件的社区协作模式。 [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]

隐私和安全

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专有闭源软件的制造商有时会迫于压力,在其软件中内置后门或其他隐蔽的、不受欢迎的功能。 [30] [31] [32] [33]而自由与开源软件软件的用户不必信任软件供应商,可以自己检查源代码,或者信任由志愿者和用户组成的社区。 [29]由于专有代码通常不向公众公开,因此只有供应商自己和黑客才可能知道其中的漏洞[29]自由与开源软件可以通过尽可能多的人的参与,快速揭露漏洞。 [34] [35]

低价甚至免费

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尽管经常鼓励捐赠,但自由与开源软件通常是免费的。以便用户能够更好地测试软件,比较软件,从而选取自己喜欢的软件。 [29]

高质量,高效,合作友好

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自由与开源软件有帮于各组织和个人之间更好地协作,为其用户或具体用例开发最高效的软件,而专有软件通常是为了盈利。此外,在很多情况下,对开源项目做出贡献的组织和个人多于专有软件。 [29]事实上,技术帮助通常是公司选择开源软件的主要原因。 [29]

与专有软件相比的缺点

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安全和用户支持

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根据林纳斯定律,能够查看和测试一组代码的人越多,就越有可能快速发现和修复任何缺陷。然而,并非所有代码都会得到大量的关注。在某些情况下,拥有一批全职专业人员来开发的商业产品可能比对应自由与开源软件更好。 [29] [34] [36]

此外,公开的源代码可能会让黑客更容易找到其中的漏洞并编写漏洞利用程序,而专有代码的逆向工程对恶意黑客来说是一个重大障碍[34]。但这一说法建立在恶意黑客比专门寻找或修复,协调披露漏洞的白帽黑客更有效,同时专有软件不会发生代码泄露或渗透的前提下。

硬件和软件兼容性

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有时,自由与开源软件与专有硬件或特定软件不兼容。这通常因为制造商设法阻碍自由与开源软件运动,例如不公开为其硬件编写驱动程序所需的接口或其他规范。以此让客户只运行他们自己的专有软件或者其合作伙伴的产品,并从中受益。 [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]

错误和缺失的功能

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如果我们仅仅讨论自由与开源软件与专有软件的对比,自由与开源软件往往在功能和稳定性方面占优,但在具体到特定领域的软件上,与同类商业软件相比,自由与开源软件有更多未修复的错误和缺失的功能。 [44][需要更多来源][需要更多引文]这因情况而异,通常取决于开发者对特定项目的感兴趣程度。尽管如此,与闭源软件不同,任何有动力、时间和技能的人都可以对它进行改进。 [36][需要更多来源]

由于部分标准的昂贵版税保密协议,缺乏一些官方标准的许可是自由/开源软件开发的一个常见障碍(例如DVD 视频格式)。 [45]

发展保障不足

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与公司支持的商业软件相比,自由与开源软件项目能否获得持续开发所需的资源和人力往往更不确定。 [46][需要更多来源][需要更多引用]不过,商业公司也经常因为无利可图而取消项目,同时,大公司也可能会依赖开源软件,并共同开发该开源软件。 [35]另一方面,如果专有软件的供应商停止开发,用户除了放弃该软件,别无选择;而对于自由与开源软件,任何需要它的用户仍然有权利和源代码继续自己开发,或者付费给第三方来开发。

缺少应用

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由于Linux的发行版这样的自由与开源操作系统在最终用户市场上的份额较低,因此可用的应用程序也较少。 [47] [48]

政府采用

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Country Description
Argentina The government of Argentina launched the program Conectar Igualdad (Connect Equality), through ANSES and the Ministry of Education (Argentina) launched during the presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, that gave kids on public schools free laptops to use for educative purposes. By default, it came with Huayra GNU/Linux, a free and open-source Linux operating system developed by the Argentinian technology ministry, based on Debian, using the MATE Desktop.
Austria In 2005, Vienna migrated from Microsoft Office 2000 to OpenOffice.org and from Microsoft Windows 2000 to Linux.[49]
Brazil In 2006, the Brazilian government has simultaneously encouraged the distribution of cheap computers running Linux throughout its poorer communities by subsidizing their purchase with tax breaks.[50]
Canada In 2017, the city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, opened up most of its new internal software development efforts to reduce its own software costs, and increase collaboration with other municipalities looking to solve similar problems.
Ecuador In April 2008,[51] Ecuador passed a similar law, Decree 1014, designed to migrate the public sector to Libre Software.[52]
France In March 2009, the French Gendarmerie Nationale announced it will totally switch to Ubuntu by 2015. The Gendarmerie began its transition to open source software in 2005 when it replaced Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org across the entire organization.[53] In September 2012, the French Prime Minister laid down a set of action-oriented recommendations about using open-source in the French public administration.[54] These recommendations are published in a document based on the works of an inter-ministerial group of experts.[55] This document promotes some orientations like establishing an actual convergence on open-source stubs, activating a network of expertise about converging stubs, improving the support of open-source software, contributing to selected stubs, following the big communities, spreading alternatives to the main commercial solutions, tracing the use of open-source and its effects, developing the culture of use of the open-source licenses in the developments of public information systems. One of the aim of this experts groups is also to establish lists of recommended open-source software to use in the French public administration.[56]
Germany In the German City of Munich, conversion of 15,000 PCs and laptops from Microsoft Windows-based operating systems to a Debian-based Linux environment called LiMux spanned the ten years of 2003 to 2013. After successful completion of the project, more than 80% of all computers were running Linux.[57] On November 13, 2017, The Register reported that Munich was planning to revert to Windows 10 by 2020.[58] But in 2020, Munich decided to shift back from Microsoft to Linux again.[59] In 2022 Germany launched[60] Open CoDE, its own FOSS repository and forum.
India The Government of Kerala, India, announced its official support for free and open-source software in its State IT Policy of 2001,[61][discuss] which was formulated after the first-ever Free software conference in India, Freedom First!, held in July 2001 in Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala. In 2009, Government of Kerala started the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS).[62] In March 2015 the Indian government announced a policy on adoption of FOSS.[63][64]
Italy The Italian military is transitioning to LibreOffice and the OpenDocument Format (ODF). LibreItalia Association announced on September 15, 2015, that the Ministry of Defence would over the next year-and-a-half install this suite of office productivity tools on some 150,000 PC workstations, making it Europe's second-largest LibreOffice implementation.[65] By June 23, 2016, 6,000 stations have been migrated.[66] E-learning military platform.[67][需要更新]
Jordan In January 2010, the Government of Jordan announced a partnership with Ingres Corporation (now named Actian), an open-source database-management company based in the United States, to promote open-source software use, starting with university systems in Jordan.[68]
Malaysia Malaysia launched the "Malaysian Public Sector Open Source Software Program", saving millions on proprietary software licenses until 2008.[69][70]
Peru In 2005, the Government of Peru voted to adopt open source across all its bodies.[71] The 2002 response to Microsoft's critique is available online. In the preamble to the bill, the Peruvian government stressed that the choice was made to ensure that key pillars of democracy were safeguarded: "The basic principles which inspire the Bill are linked to the basic guarantees of a state of law."[72]
Portugal In 2000, the Portuguese Vieira do Minho Municipality began switching to free and open-source software.[73]
Romania IOSSPL is a free and open source software used for public libraries in Romania.[74]
Spain In 2017, The City of Barcelona started to migrate its computer systems away from the Windows platform . The City's strategy was first to replace all user applications with open-source alternatives, until the underlying Windows operating system is the only proprietary software remaining. In a final step, the operating system replaced with Linux.[75]
Uganda In September 2014, the Uganda National Information Technology Authority (NITA-U) announced a call for feedback on an Open Source Strategy & Policy[76] at a workshop in conjunction with the ICT Association of Uganda (ICTAU).
United States In February 2009, the White House moved its website to Linux servers using Drupal for content management.[77] In August 2016, the United States government announced a new federal source code policy which mandates that at least 20% of custom source code developed by or for any agency of the federal government be released as open-source software (OSS).[78] In addition, the policy requires that all source code be shared between agencies. The public release is under a three-year pilot program and agencies are obliged to collect data on this pilot to gauge its performance. The overall policy aims to reduce duplication, avoid vendor 'lock-in', and stimulate collaborative development. A new website code.gov provides "an online collection of tools, best practices, and schemas to help agencies implement this policy", the policy announcement stated. It also provides the "primary discoverability portal for custom-developed software intended both for Government-wide reuse and for release as OSS".[78] As yet unspecified OSS licenses will be added to the code.[79]
Venezuela In 2004, a law in Venezuela (Decree 3390) went into effect, mandating a two-year transition to open source in all public agencies. 截至June 2009年 (June 2009-Missing required parameter 1=month!), the transition was still under way.[80][81][已过时]

超国家联盟和国际组织采用

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欧盟

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"We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable -- one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could."
Official statement of the United Space Alliance, which manages the computer systems for the International Space Station (ISS), regarding why they chose to switch from Windows to Linux on the ISS.[82][83]

2017 年,欧盟委员会表示,“欧盟机构应该成为开源软件的用户,甚至比现在更加积极”("EU institutions should become open source software users themselves, even more than they already are"),并将开源软件与大数据、移动性、云计算物联网一起列为九大关键创新驱动力之一。 [84]

2020 年,欧盟委员会通过了《2020-2023 年开源战略》[85]其中包括将鼓励软件的共享和重复使用,以及公开委员会软件的源代码作为关键目标。具体行动包括于 2020 年成立开放源代码计划办公室[86] ,并于 2022 年推出自己的 FOSS 存储库https://code.europa.eu/ [87]

2021 年,欧盟委员会通过了《关于委员会软件的开源许可和再利用的决定》(2021/C 495 I/01) [88] ,根据该决定,作为一般原则,欧盟委员会可以根据欧盟公共许可证(EUPL)或其他更合适的自由与开源许可证发布软件。但也有例外。

2022 年 5 月, [89]欧洲公共服务互操作性专家组发布了 27 项建议,旨在加强欧盟各地公共行政部门的互操作性。欧盟委员会将在同年晚些时候提出的《欧洲互操作法案》提案中考虑这些建议。

这是右侧对欧盟公告引用的翻译版本:“我们将关键功能从Windows迁移到了Linux,因为我们需要一个稳定且可靠的操作系统——一个能让我们自主掌控的系统。这样,当我们需要打补丁、调整或适配时,我们就能立即行动。”——国际空间站(ISS)计算机系统管理机构“联合太空联盟”(United Space Alliance)就为何在ISS上从Windows转向Linux作出的官方声明。

生产

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开源软件开发 (OSSD) 是开发开源软件的过程。该软件的源代码向公众开放,可供使用、修改和增强。[90]著名的开源软件产品有 Mozilla Firefox、Android 和 VLC 媒体播放器。[91]与瀑布式等传统方法不同。[91]开源软件开发最常使用敏捷开发策略,其特点是快速迭代和增量开发,倾向于早期发布和社区参与。[92]开源软件开发人员通常会使用电子邮件、维基百科、网络论坛和即时通讯服务等方式进行沟通,因为开发者往往分散在世界各地。[93]同时使用 Git 等版本控制系统让代码协作更加容易。 [91]

问题和事件

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GPLv3争议

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GNU 通用公共许可证 (GPL) 是自由和开源软件 (FOSS) 社区中最广泛使用的版权许可证之一,由自由软件基金会 (FSF) 创建。第 2 版(GPLv2)于 1991 年发布,在保护用户运行、研究、修改和共享软件的自由方面发挥了核心作用。 [94]然而,随着技术和法律环境的发展,特别是数字版权管理 (DRM)和软件专利的兴起,一些开发人员和法律专家认为,GPLv2 不足以在新环境下保护用户自由。 [95]因此开发了GPLv3以解决这些问题。 [96]

虽然版权是自由和开源软件作者用来确保其软件符合许可证的主要法律机制,但立法、专利和商标等其他机制也有不可忽视影响。为了解决有关专利和数字千年版权法(DMCA) 的法律问题,自由软件基金会于 2007 年发布了GNU 通用公共许可证第 3 版(GNU GPLv3),其中明确规定了 DMCA 和专利权的问题。

GPLv3 旨在解决的关键问题之一是被称为Tivoization的做法,该做法以 TiVo 公司的名字命名,该公司使用 GPL 软件,但实施了硬件限制,阻止用户运行该软件的修改版本。自由软件基金会 (FSF) 将此视为对软件自由的直接侵犯,因而 GPLv3 加入了明确禁止此类行为的条款。 [97]此外,GPLv3 加入了条款来保护用户免受软件专利的限制,坚持了用户应该对其使用的软件保留控制权的理念。

在 2007 年 GNU GPLv3 发布之后,FSF(作为 GNU 系统许多软件的版权持有者)选择将许多[來源請求] GNU 程序许可证从 GPLv2 升级到 GPLv3。另一方面,新版 GPL 的采用在 FOSS 生态系统中引起了热烈的讨论, [98]有几个项目决定不升级到 GPLv3。例如, Linux 内核[99] [100]BusyBox [101] [102]项目、 AdvFS [103]Blender [104]VLC 媒体播放器[105]

苹果公司GCC的用户,也是DRM和专利的重度用户,它将其Xcode IDE 中的编译器从 GCC 切换到了Clang ,后者是另一个自由与开源的编译器[106] ,但采用了宽松的许可证[107] LWN 推测苹果这样做的部分原因是想避开 GPLv3。 [106] Samba 项目也转换到了 GPLv3,因此 Apple 在其软件套件中用闭源的专有软件替代品取代了Samba[108]

GPLv3 的争议反映了开源社区中普遍的哲学分歧:人们是否应该使用积极捍卫用户自由的许可证(如copyleft 系列的许可证),还是采取更宽松、协作但模糊的方式。GPLv3 的支持者称赞 GPLv3 保护了用户免于硬件和专利所施加的限制, [109]但批评者认为它制造了法律和意识形态的障碍,使其开发变得复杂,并降低了个人或者公司采用软件的意愿。 [110]这一事件有助于提高 MIT 和 Apache 许可证等宽松许可证的接受度,尤其是商业软件开发商的接受度。 [111]

优先级不合理、效率低下且开发人员自私自利

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Leemhuis 批评自由与开源软件的优先级不合理现象——那些拥有熟练开发技能的人员,不去修复已经流行的开源应用程序和桌面环境中的问题,而是而是去创建新的、大多是多余的软件,以此获得名利。 [112]

他还批评笔记本电脑制造商只私下优化自己的产品或创造只使用于自己产品变通方法,而不是帮助解决笔记本电脑上 Linux 存在的诸多根源性问题,例如不必要的功耗。 [112]

开源软件的商业所有权

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并购已经影响到了主要的开源软件。 Sun Microsystems (Sun)于 2008 年并购了流行的开源MySQL数据库的所有者MySQL AB[113]

甲骨文又于 2010 年 1 月收购了 Sun,获得了其版权、专利和商标。至此,Oracle 同时拥有了最受欢迎的专有数据库和最受欢迎的开源数据库。在这之后,甲骨文试图将开源 MySQL 数据库商业化,这引起了自由和开源软件社区的担忧。 [114]出于对 MySQL 未来的不确定性的担心和其他原因,自由和开源软件社区分叉该项目,建立 Oracle 无法控制的新数据库系统。其中包括MariaDBPercona和Drizzle 。 [115]它们都是不同的项目,不能使用 MySQL 这个商标名。 [116]

法律案件

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甲骨文诉谷歌

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2010年8月,甲骨文起诉谷歌,声称其在Android中使用Java侵犯了甲骨文的版权和专利。 2012年5月,审判法官裁定谷歌没有侵犯甲骨文的专利,并裁定谷歌使用的Java API的结构不具有版权。陪审团裁定谷歌少量复制文件侵权,但双方约定谷歌不会支付赔偿金。 [117]甲骨文向联邦巡回法院提起上诉,谷歌则就文字复制指控提起交叉上诉[118]

经济学

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  1. ^ Zero-based numbering, in which the initial element of a sequence is assigned the index 0, is typically used in computer programming

自由/开源软件(FOSS)运动通过挑战信息构建与使用方面的所有权规定(这是当代增长的关键领域),总体上反对新自由主义私有化[119] [120]

通过实现新数字世界富足经济”的历史潜力,自由和开放源码软件或许可以制定出一套政治抵抗计划,或者为资本主义的潜在转型指明道路。 [120]

哈佛大学法学院创业法律研究教授Yochai Benkler称,免费软件是基于公共资源的新型信息、知识和文化同行生产经济中最引人注目的部分。作为例子,他列举了各种自由/开源软件项目,包括免费软件和开源软件。 [121]

参见

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笔记

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  121. ^ Benkler 2003.


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