彼得 (使徒)
| 教宗、圣人 圣伯多禄 圣彼得 Simon Petrus | |
|---|---|
| 罗马主教 安提约基雅主教 | |
| 个人资料 | |
| 出生 | 约公元前1年 罗马帝国叙利亚行省伯赛大 |
| 逝世 | 约67年6月29日(66岁) 罗马帝国罗马 (被钉十字架) |
| 圣徒 | |
| 纪念日 | 主庆节(与圣保禄同一日)6月29日 (天主教会,东正教会,东方正统教会,普世圣公宗) 罗马圣伯多禄宗座1月18日 圣伯多禄宗座2月22日(天主教会) 圣伯多禄锁链 8月1日 |
| 象征 | 天国之钥,披带,教宗王位标志与徽章,被钉十字架且头下垂的男人, 作为宗徒着祭衣,手持一本书或卷轴。在肖像上,他被描绘为有浓密的白胡须和白发。 |
| 主保 | 渔夫、钟表匠、锁匠、制鞋匠和制锁匠等[来源请求] |
| Papa Peter 的教宗敬称 | |
|---|---|
| 参考敬称 | 教宗阁下 |
| 语体敬称 | 教宗阁下 |
| 宗教敬称 | 圣父 |
| 身后敬称 | 圣人 |
彼得(希腊语:Πετρος,拉丁语:Petrus,出生年份不详,约死于公元64至67年间),原名西门,是耶稣基督的十二使徒之一,其兄弟安得烈亦为使徒。天主教译作伯多禄或伯铎,东正教译为裴特若,[1]唐代景教称其为“岑稳僧伽法王”。[2]
彼得是早期教会的重要人物,《彼得前书》和《彼得后书》在传统上被认为是彼得所撰写,但现代学术界已对此予以否定。历史悠久的教会普遍尊崇他为主要圣人。天主教认为彼得是教会的基石,创立了罗马教会,并担任首任主教,即第一位教宗。[3]新教否认天主教所主张的教会传承观,[注 1]主张耶稣并未指定彼得为教会的基石,彼得亦未创立罗马教会;罗马教会及其主教的地位,是在后来的历史演变中逐渐形成的。[7][8][9]
根据《新约圣经》记载,彼得原是加利利海边的渔夫,由兄弟安得烈引介认识耶稣。他承认耶稣是神之子,成为耶稣最亲近的门徒之一。耶稣被捕后,彼得一度失去信心,三次否认自己是耶稣的门徒,正如耶稣所预言。[10]耶稣复活后,彼得重新坚定信仰,并在耶稣升天后开始传道,宣讲耶稣是救世主、弥赛亚、即基督的福音,成为教会的领袖。个别教会相信,彼得后来在尼禄皇帝迫害基督徒期间前往罗马传福音,并在当地殉道。据早期教会文献《彼得行传》记载,彼得临终时曾请求倒钉十字架,因自认不配以与主耶稣相同的方式受刑。[11]
名称
[编辑]彼得(英语:Peter)的名字来自通用希腊语“Petros”,意为“石头”。[12]在《约翰福音》第一章42节中,耶稣将此名赐予西门‧约拿之子(Σίμων,Simōn)。根据新约圣经通用希腊文原文的权威,“Petros”的正确翻译是“Ke'pha'”(矶法),其中“Ke'pha'”这个名字在六处经文中被用作“Petros”的亚兰语对应词,用以指称西门‧约拿之子。[13][14]
至于亚兰语“Ke'pha'”是否等同另一希腊词语“Petra(磐石)”,学者认为通用希腊文是《新约圣经》的受默示原文,目前并无任何亚兰语原始文本流传下来。虽然有一些亚兰语或叙利亚语译本是根据希腊文翻译而成,但这些译本并非受默示文本,因此无法作为准确反映原始亚兰语用法的依据。它们可能反映,也可能未反映原始语言的词汇选择。通用希腊文新约使用了两个不同的词:Petros(彼得的名字)和Petra(磐石),[15]而且目前并无现存的亚兰语原文可供确认是否原本使用的是同一个词。[14]
在受默示的通用希腊文原文中使用了两个不同的词,如果这是反映某个亚兰语原文(而这并不确定),那么这可能暗示在这段经文中使用了两个不同的亚兰语词汇。
因此,根据《新约圣经》希腊原文的权威,“Petros”—主耶稣在《约翰福音》中赐给西门的名字—正是亚兰语“Ke'pha'”的正确翻译。[14]
在通用希腊文新约圣经中,没有任何地方将“Ke'pha'”作为“Petra”的正确翻译。若要判断哪个叙利亚语/亚兰语词最能准确翻译通用希腊语“Petra”,我们必须参考基督教会前五个世纪所制作的希腊文新约圣经译本,以了解当时人们如何理解“Petra”这个词。
生平
[编辑]按照《新约圣经》,彼得生平如下
跟随耶稣
[编辑]彼得生于伯赛大,是加利利海边的渔夫。他的父亲名叫约拿(Jonah)或是约翰(John),他本名是西门,约拿之子(古希腊语:Σίμων Βαριωνᾶς,罗马化:Šim‘ōn bar-Yōnā Matthew 16:17)。
他的兄弟安得烈是最早跟从耶稣的,他带领彼得跟从了耶稣。
约翰同两个门徒站在那里。他见耶稣行走,就说:“看哪,这是神的羔羊!” 两个门徒听见他的话,就跟从了耶稣。 ...听见约翰的话跟从耶稣的那两个人,一个是西门彼得的兄弟安得烈。他先找着自己的哥哥西门,对他说:“我们遇见弥赛亚了。”(弥赛亚翻出来就是基督。) 于是领他去见耶稣。耶稣看着他,说:“你是约翰的儿子西门,你要称为矶法。”(矶法翻译出来就是彼得。) (约翰福音1:35-37,40-42)
亲密门徒
[编辑]耶稣设立了十二个使徒,“要他们常和自己同在,也要差他们去传道,并给他们权柄赶鬼”(马可福音3:14),“这十二使徒的名,头一个叫西门,又称彼得”(马太福音10:2)。彼得与耶稣有特别亲密的关系,福音书里面记载得最多的门徒就是彼得。以下这段记载特别重要,天主教认为彼得得到了天国的钥匙,也就是一种特别的属灵权柄,这就是教宗和天主教会的权柄的来源。也因此,天主教认为耶稣将领导与管理教会的权力赐予彼得,意即彼得在耶稣旨意下担任教会领袖,而耶稣赐予彼得的两把钥匙也成为历任教宗代代相传的宝物,于现代亦被融入于梵蒂冈城国国徽与教宗们的牧徽中做为设计元素。所以,根据天主教传统,彼得被公认为教会建立以来首任教宗。基督新教则认为耶稣基督是教会的唯一的头和唯一的磐石,[16][17]所有信徒人人皆祭司,都有属灵的权柄,须恪守神旨,彼此服事、彼此顺服。
耶稣到了凯撒利亚腓立比的境内,就问门徒说:“人说我人子是谁?” 他们说:“有人说是施洗的约翰;有人说是以利亚;又有人说是耶利米或是先知里的一位。” 耶稣说:“你们说我是谁?” 西门彼得回答说:“你是基督,是永生神的儿子。” 耶稣对他说:“西门巴约拿,你是有福的!因为这不是属血肉的指示你的,乃是我在天上的父指示的。 我还告诉你,你是彼得,我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上;阴间的权柄不能胜过他。 我要把天国的钥匙给你,凡你在地上所捆绑的,在天上也要捆绑;凡你在地上所释放的,在天上也要释放。当下,耶稣嘱咐门徒,不可对人说他是基督。从此,耶稣才指示门徒,他必须上耶路撒冷去,受长老、祭司长、文士许多的苦,并且被杀,第三日复活。彼得就拉着他,劝他说:“主啊,万不可如此!这事必不临到你身上。”耶稣转过来,对彼得说:“撒旦,退我后边去吧!你是绊我脚的,因为你不体贴神的意思,只体贴人的意思。”(马太福音16:13-22)
信心重建
[编辑]
《新约圣经》记载耶稣曾在被捕之前预言,彼得会在鸡鸣破晓以前连续三次不肯承认认识他。结果,他在耶稣被大祭司审讯时因为害怕,果然三次不肯承认与耶稣的师徒关系。彼得想起耶稣所说的话,就开始大哭。后来耶稣复活以后,他的信心得到重建,耶稣特别嘱咐彼得“牧养我的羊”,并预言他将来会被监禁。
带领教会
[编辑]在耶稣复活又升天以后,彼得成为门徒中的领导,开始建立教会。彼得、约翰与主的兄弟雅各,被称为教会的三大柱石[18]。
彼得是保罗在教会中最初的支持者,他们彼此都很支持。保罗的主要事工对象是罗马帝国境内的外邦人,就是非犹太人,使基督教得以在罗马帝国中传播。彼得的主要事工对象可能是犹太人。保罗曾经直言不讳地批评过彼得“在守割礼的犹太人面前‘装假’”[19],但彼得在去世前不久的书信中仍然非常推崇保罗[20]。
遗骨发现
[编辑]1939年,罗马教廷例行整修圣伯多禄大殿的时候,工人在大殿的墓地下面发现了一个骨灰盒,上面有“伯多禄在此”等几个希腊字。经考古学家瓜杜齐检验以后发现,这九块骨头是一名六十多岁男性留下的,而且这名男性穿着紫色镶金边的寿衣,他称遗骨很可能是圣伯多禄的。不过考古学界主流声音都对此重大发现存疑。
2013年11月24日,教宗方济各在圣伯多禄广场举行“信德年”的结束弥撒,并首度公开陈列圣伯多禄遗骨。方济各在弥撒开始前,先在铜盒前祷告,然后再以香为遗骨祈福。方济各当着数千信徒的面,捧着装著遗骨的匣子,亲吻了匣子,然后把匣子放在圣坛旁边。在弥撒进行期间,刻有圣伯多禄海中撒网图案的铜盒,一直都打开。这是圣座首次公开展示圣伯多禄的遗骨。在此之前,从未有任何一位教宗宣称此为圣伯多禄之遗骨。[21]
著作
[编辑]《新约圣经》中有两封书信(彼得前书/伯多禄前书和彼得后书/伯多禄后书)在基督教传统中被认为是彼得所作。现代多数学者则否认了彼得为这两封书信的作者。在书信中,当时彼得和教会据称受到极大逼迫,他勉励基督徒在苦难中要靠主喜乐,仰望神的日子来到。
亲爱的弟兄啊,有火炼的试验临到你们,不要以为奇怪(似乎是遭遇非常的事),倒要欢喜;因为你们是与基督一同受苦,使你们在他荣耀显现的时候,也可以欢喜快乐。 (彼得前书4:12-13)
写马可福音的马可也是他亲密的门徒。彼得的天主教瞻礼日为6月29日,与圣保禄/圣保罗瞻礼联合庆祝。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 卡拉克·卡尔顿,《正道―新教信徒对正教须知》,页173
- ^ 吴昶兴. 《眞常之道:唐代基督教歷史與文獻研究》. 基督教学术丛书/论著系列 11. 台湾基督教文艺出版社. 2015-05-29: p. 226 [2018-07-02]. ISBN 978-986-61-3129-5. (原始内容存档于2020-03-27).
向师尊请益的乃门徒为首之“岑稳僧伽”(即新约中使徒西门彼得)。
- ^ 圣伯多禄与圣保禄
- ^ Schwerin, Philip, How the Bishop of Rome Assumed the Title of "Vicar of Christ",页3, "The idea of a primacy was not only foreign, but pagan to the early Church. As St. Cyprian had said a century and a half earlier, so St. John Chrysostom (d. 407) voiced the same, denying that the Church Universal had a visible head. The writings of the Church Fathers and the forthcoming Ecumenical Councils never speak of papal elections. Documents of the early church were never dated by a pope, and certainly the early Fathers never had to submit their private interpretations to the imprimatur of the Vatican."
- ^ Schwerin, Philip, How the Bishop of Rome Assumed the Title of "Vicar of Christ",页5, "Fourth Ecumenical Council...(r)uled that the bishops of Constantinople and Rome were equals, enjoying the "same" ecclesiastical honors (canon 28; Mansi 6, 1229). Pope Leo the Great (d.461) fully approved the canons of this council (Migne, P.L. 54, 1038 & 1143), that this "Holy, Great and Universal Council" simply addressed the bishop of Rome as "Archbishop Leo" (Migne, P.L. 54, 951)."
- ^ Cyprian and the Bishops of Rome: Questions of Papal Primacy in the early church, Australian Catholic University, "After a thorough re-examination of Cyprian's treatises and letters, it is concluded that Cyprian often regarded the support of the Roman church as crucial for him to manage the affairs of his own church in Carthage and the other churches of North Africa, because Rome was a large, prestigious and influential church. However, Cyprian's disagreement with a number of Rome's positions reveals that he did not believe it had a jurisdictional primacy over churches outside its own prouincia."
- ^ 唐健伦,《教会历史(主后0-1400年)》,页65-67
- ^ Eckert, Harol H., The Specific Functions of the Church in the World (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), p4
- ^ WELS Topical Q&A:
- Beginning of the Church
- Responses to previous questions, "In fact there is no evidence that there even was a pope in the first century. Even Catholic historians recognize this as a historical fact...We honor Peter and in fact some of our churches are named after him, but he was not the first pope, nor was he Roman Catholic. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests. The same keys given to Peter in Matthew 16 are given to the whole church of believers in Matthew 18."
- Use Of "Catholic" In The Creeds: "Contemporary Catholic theologians admit that there were no popes and not even one bishop of Rome in the first century."
- New Pope, "Was Peter the first pope? There is no historical basis for saying that Peter was ever bishop of Rome in the sense of being the sole bishop (overseer, head pastor) in that city, let alone bishop of all bishops (pope) for the entire Church. The monarchial (sole reigning) bishop of Rome seems to have been Anicetus (154-165). In 170, Soter made a list showing the succession of bishops in Rome, starting with Linus as the first. He said that Peter and Paul exercised their apostolic authority in appointing Linus. Bear in mind that before Anicetus there was no monarchial (sole reigning) bishop in Rome, and so Soter's statement is not historically accurate. ...Was Peter the head of the early Christian Church? In Peter's generation there was no single leader, no centralized administration. Peter was an outstanding personality among the apostles and a natural leader wherever he happened to be. He was not, however, the head of the Church. The church to which the other churches looked for guidance in the first two generations was in Jerusalem, followed by the churches in Antioch and Ephesus. Around 400. Jerome wrote: 'If it is authority one is after, the world is greater than the city. Wherever there is a bishop, whether in Rome, Eugubium, Constantinople, Rhegium, or Alexandria, he has the same worth and priestly dignity. It is the power of riches and the humility of poverty that exalts or lowers him.' Around 500, Pope Gregory I objected to being called the 'universal bishop.' The first mention of a bishop as 'Vicar of Christ' is found in 'The Pseudo-Clementine Homily,' written about 150. The author was not referring to the bishop of Rome but to all catholic (not Roman Catholic) bishops. The first pope to use the title 'Vicar of Christ' for himself was Innocent III, around 1200."
- Peter And The Keys, "Nothing in Scripture names Peter, who was an apostle and leader of the church, as the bishop of Rome or leader of the whole church. This is a false claim made by later bishops of Rome."
- And On THIS ROCK I Will Build My Church..., "In the Greek "Peter (Greek: petros)" is masculine and "this rock (Greek: petra) is feminine. If Jesus really meant to say that Peter was the one on whom he would build his church, he would have made this a lot clearer if he had repeated the masculine form of the word so that this would refer to Peter's person. Another reason that the church is not built on Peter is evident when Jesus shortly after this has to rebuke Peter and call him "Satan (Mt 16:23). Peter was a weak, human being, subject to error--hardly the kind of foundation on which Jesus would build the church. And finally, and most important, just before this Peter had made the beautiful confession that embraces the two pillars of the Christian faith on which the church is built: 1) Jesus is God's Son; and 2) Jesus is the Christ, the one God sent to do everything necessary to save us from sin. These two truths, all of Scripture teaches us, are the foundation of the church. This is why Jesus uses the feminine to point to this confession which is the foundation of the church."
- ^ 《路加福音》22:54-62,“他们拿住耶稣,把他带到大祭司的宅里。彼得远远地跟着。他们在院子里生了火,一同坐着,彼得也坐在他们中间。有一个使女看见彼得坐在火光里,就定睛看他,说:‘这个人素来也是同那人一伙的。’彼得却不承认,说:‘女子,我不认得他。’过了不多的时候,又有一个人看见他,说:‘你也是他们一党的。’彼得说:‘你这个人!我不是。’约过了一小时,又有一个人极力地说:‘他实在是同那人一伙的,因为他也是加利利人。’彼得说:‘你这个人!我不晓得你说的是什么!’正说话之间,鸡就叫了。主转过身来看彼得,彼得便想起主对他所说的话:‘今日鸡叫以先,你要三次不认我。’他就出去痛哭。”
- ^ 锺志邦,《普天注释:约翰福音》,页315
- ^ 《新约及早期基督教文献希腊文大词典:中文版》(A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature),页1233
- ^ 《新约圣经》:
- 《约翰福音》1:42,“于是领他去见耶稣。耶稣看着他说:‘你是约翰的儿子西门,你要称为矶法。’(‘矶法’翻出来就是‘彼得’。)”
- 《哥林多前书》1:12,“我的意思就是,你们各人说‘我是属保罗的’、‘我是属亚波罗的’、‘我是属矶法的’、‘我是属基督的’。”
- 《哥林多前书》3:22,“或保罗,或亚波罗,或矶法,或世界,或生,或死,或现今的事,或将来的事,全是你们的”
- 《哥林多前书》9:5,“难道我们没有权柄娶信主的姐妹为妻,带着一同往来,仿佛其余的使徒和主的弟兄并矶法一样吗?”
- 《哥林多前书》15:5,“并且显给矶法看,然后显给十二使徒看”
- 《加拉太书》2:9,“又知道所赐给我的恩典,那称为教会柱石的雅各、矶法、约翰,就向我和巴拿巴用右手行相交之礼,叫我们往外邦人那里去,他们往受割礼的人那里去”
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Stark, D.T., Some Thoughts on Matthew 16:18
- ^ 《新约及早期基督教文献希腊文大词典:中文版》(A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature),页1232
- ^ 《新约圣经》:
- 《彼得前书》二章4-9节,“主乃活石,固然是被人所弃的,却是被神所拣选、所宝贵的。你们来到主面前,也就像活石,被建造成为灵宫,做圣洁的祭司,借着耶稣基督奉献神所悦纳的灵祭。因为经上说:‘看哪,我把所拣选、所宝贵的房角石(akrogōniaion)安放在锡安,信靠他的人必不至于羞愧。’所以,他在你们信的人就为宝贵;在那不信的人有话说:‘匠人所弃的石头,已做了房角的头块石头’,又说:‘做了绊脚的石头、跌人的磐石(petra)。’他们既不顺从,就在道理上绊跌;他们这样绊跌也是预定的。唯有你们是被拣选的族类,是有君尊的祭司,是圣洁的国度,是属神的子民,要叫你们宣扬那召你们出黑暗、入奇妙光明者的美德。”
- 《以弗所书》二章19-20节,“你们不再做外人和客旅,是与圣徒同国,是神家里的人了。并且被建造在使徒(apostolōn)和先知(prophētōn)的根基上,有基督耶稣自己为房角石(akrogōniaiou)”
- ^ WELS Topical Q&A:
- Responses to previous questions, "The Catholic church damns the teaching of the Lutheran church because we do not accept the authority of the pope to make man-made laws that contradict the Bible. ... There is no biblical or historical evidence for the claims of the Roman Catholic church that Peter was the first pope. In fact there is no evidence that there even was a pope in the first century. Even Catholic historians recognize this as a historical fact. ... We honor Peter and in fact some of our churches are named after him, but he was not the first pope, nor was he Roman Catholic. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests. The same keys given to Peter in Matthew 16 are given to the whole church of believers in Matthew 18."
- Peter the first pope?, "While the Roman Catholic Church might like to use Matthew 16:18 to support their belief that Peter was the first pope, those words say nothing of the sort. We actually find a play on words in Matthew 16:18. Peter's name in Greek is petros. It is a masculine noun. When Jesus said he was going to build his church 'on this rock', the word translated 'rock' is petra, a feminine noun. Petros refers to a rock, while petra has in mind a rocky cliff or ledge. The Greek makes it clear that Jesus spoke of building his church not on a person, but on a rock-solid confession of him as the Son of God and the promised Savior."
- ^ 《加拉太书》2:9:“又知道所赐给我的恩典、那称为教会柱石的雅各、矶法、约翰、就向我和巴拿巴用右手行相交之礼、叫我们往外邦人那里去、他们往受割礼的人那里去。”
- ^ 《加拉太书》二章12至14节:“可是,矶法到了安提阿的时候,因为他有该责备的地方,我就当面反对他。 从雅各那里来的人还没有到以前,他和外族人一同吃饭;但他们来到了,他因为怕那些守割礼的人,就从外族人中退出来,和他们分开。其余的犹太人也和他一同装假,甚至连巴拿巴也受了影响,跟着他们装假。但我一见他们所行的不合福音的真理,就当众对矶法说:“你是犹太人,生活既然像外族人而不像犹太人,怎么还勉强外族人跟随犹太人的规矩呢?”
- ^ 《彼得后书》三章15至16节:“要以我主长久忍耐为得救的因由,就如我们所亲爱的兄弟保罗,照着所赐给他的智慧写了信给你们。他一切的信上也都是讲论这事。信中有些难明白的,那无学问、不坚固的人强解,如强解别的经书一样,就自取沉沦。”
- ^ City, Associated Press in Vatican. Vatican displays Saint Peter's bones for the first time. the Guardian. 2013-11-24 [2020-10-21]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-10) (英语).
注释
[编辑]外部链接
[编辑]参见
[编辑]| 宗教头衔 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 首任(追认) | 罗马教区主教 33年4月1日—67年6月29日 |
继任者: 理诺 |
| 新头衔 | 安提约基雅主教 37年—53年 与保罗(共同在位) |
继任者: 埃伏第乌斯 |
| 五大牧首区 | ||||||||
| 罗马牧首首任:圣伯多禄 | 亚历山大港牧首首任:圣马尔谷 | 安提阿牧首首任:圣伯多禄 圣保禄 |
耶路撒冷牧首首任:圣雅各伯 | 君士坦丁堡牧首首任:圣安德肋 | ||||
