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血小板输血

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血小板输血
一个标准剂量包的血小板
临床资料
其他名称Platelet concentrate(浓缩血小板), platelet component(血小板成分)
ATC码
识别信息
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血小板输注(英语:platelet transfusion)是指透过静脉将浓缩的血小板注入患者体内的过程,目的是预防或治疗血小板计数过低或血小板功能不良者(血小板减少症)发生的出血情况。[1]这种情况经常发生在接受癌症化学治疗的患者身上。[1]对于血小板水平低于100亿/升的人,通常会进行预防性输注。[2]对于已出血的病人,血小板输注通常在水平低于500亿/升时执行。[2]在给予血小板之前,通常建议进行血型匹配检验[2]但当缺乏匹配的血小板时,也经常会使用不匹配的血小板。[3]

输注方式经由静脉注射进行。[4]

进行此种输注的副作用有过敏反应(例如过敏性休克)、感染输血相关急性肺损伤[2]由于血小板储存于较高的温度,细菌感染相对更为常见。[2]血小板可从捐赠的全血中分离而得,或是透过血浆分离术英语apheresis从捐赠者中取得,[1]保存期限最长为五到七天。[1]

血小板输注在1950年代和1960年代开始用于医疗用途。[1][5]它已列入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单内。[6][7]有些血小板的形式会将白血球作部分移除,或经伽马射线照射,此类做法对某些病患群体具有特定的益处。[8]

医疗用途

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预防出血

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国际指南建议针对可逆性骨髓衰竭的患者,当其血小板计数低于100亿/升时,应给予血小板输注,以降低自发性出血的风险。[9][10][11][12][13]如患者情况良好,采更高的血小板计数阈值(即提早输注)并不会进一步降低出血的风险。[14]

预防性与治疗性输注比较

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一项针对接受强化化疗或接受造血干细胞移植血癌患者的文献回顾发现,总体上在血小板计数低于100亿/升时给予血小板输注,确实可减少出血事件的次数和出现严重出血的天数。[15]然而这种益处仅在特定病患群体中可见,而接受自体造血干细胞移植的病人并没获得明显益处。[15]虽然血癌病患接受预防性血小板输注,仍经常会出血,因此应将其他出血风险因素列入考虑,例如发炎和血小板减少症的持续时间。[13]

针对患有慢性骨髓衰竭(例如:骨髓增生异常症候群再生不良性贫血)的患者,支持使用预防性血小板输注的证据极少。[16]多项指南建议不应对慢性骨髓衰竭的病人常规性地使用预防性血小板输注,而应采取个人化治疗方式。[11][10][13]

目前已有数项研究评估对患有严重血小板减少症(血小板计数低于200亿/升)的成人登革热患者使用预防性血小板输注的益处。[17]没证据表明这种输注能降低出血的风险,但有证据显示它们反会增加因输注所带来的风险(例如增加包括过敏性休克在内的输注反应)。[17]

血小板输注阈值

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  • 癌症病患的阈值 - 两项针对接受强化化疗或造血干细胞移植的血癌病患的回顾研究发现,在血小板计数低于100亿/升时才进行输注,与在血小板计数低于200亿/升或300亿/升时就进行输注相比,对于出血风险并无影响。[14][18]
  • 早产儿的阈值 - 过去曾对早产儿使用较高的血小板输注阈值,但此做法的依据有限。[19]现有证据显示使用较高的血小板计数阈值 (500亿/升) 比在较低的血小板计数阈值 (250亿/升)使用,反会增加早产儿的死亡或出血风险。[20]

输注剂量

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一项针对血癌病患的文献回顾,将不同血小板输注剂量的效果进行比较。[21]发现在血小板数量较少(低剂量 – 1.1 x 1011/m2,即每平方米1,100亿血小板)的血小板输注与血小板数量居中(中剂量 – 2.2 x 1011/m2)的输注之间,发生临床显著出血的病患人数没差异,也发现血小板数量较少的输注与血小板数量较多(高剂量 – 4.4 x 1011/2)的输注之间,发生临床显著出血的病患人数同样没差异。[21]回顾纳入的一项研究报告包含有输注反应的探讨,此项研究的撰写者认为高剂量的血小板输注策略可能会导致较高的输注相关不良事件发生率。[22]

术前准备程序

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  • 低风险程序 - 对于血小板计数较低的病人,在进行导致出血低风险的程序(低风险程序)前,不需给予预防性血小板输注。[10][13][9]低风险程序包括血管不多的手术部位(例如:白内障手术),[13]或小型手术。[10][13]关于在手术前对血小板计数低的病人进行输注,对全因死亡率、术后出血事件人数,以及严重的手术或输注相关不良事件的影响,目前已有的证据仍难以确定。[23]
  • 中央导管置入术 - 指南建议当血小板计数达到或高于200亿/升时,执行中央导管置入术属于安全。[9][13]支持这一点的证据是基于观察性研究,这些研究发现出血是由于操作失误,而非血小板计数低所致。[13][24]
  • 更大型手术的输注阈值 - 针对更大型手术的血小板输注阈值,目前仅基于专家意见实施。[25]指南建议:
    • 进行大型手术时,血小板阈值应为500亿/升。
    • 进行脑部或眼后部手术时,血小板阈值应为1000亿/升。[10][13][11]

对于自发性颅内出血的病人,如果需进行紧急神经外科手术,可能需进行血小板输注来逆转乙酰柳酸(阿司匹林)的效果。但如果无需手术处理,则不需进行输注。[26]

治疗出血

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针对血小板计数较低且正在主动出血的病人,关于血小板输注的有效性或最佳剂量,已有的证据很少。目前的建议是依据全球达成的共识指南。[10][9]

副作用

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副作用包括过敏反应(例如过敏性休克)、感染和肺部损伤。[2]由于血小板储存于较高的温度,因此细菌感染相对更为常见。[2]

使用情况

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患有血液疾病或癌症的病人在使用血小板输注中所占的比例最高。[27][28][29]其中大部分输注是用于在接受化疗或造血干细胞移植期间作预防出血用途。[29][28][30]其余的输注则用于一般内科、心血管外科加护病房[29][28][30]

有数个国家对血小板输注(而非其他血液制品)的需求似乎正在增加。[27]造成血小板需求上升的主要原因可能有:人口老化、血癌病患人数增加,以及管理这些癌症方式的改变。[27]欧洲自1990年以来,每年进行的干细胞移植手术数量已从4,200例上升到超过40,000例。[31]

历史

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血小板输注在1950年代和1960年代开始用于医疗用途。[1]它已列入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单内。[6]

社会与文化

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英国国民保健署对每单位(一个标准剂量包)血小板输注的成本约为200英镑。.[32]

制造

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血小板可透过将捐赠的全血分离,或是血浆分离术,仅从捐赠者收集所需的血小板两种方式取得。[1]保存期限最长可达五到七天。[1]

血小板成分可透过以下方式处理,以确保安全性和供特定用途:

参见

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外部链接

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