Draft:Ichthyobodo
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Ichthyobodo is a genus of unicellular kinetoplastid flagellates that parasitize fish in freshwater and marine environments. “Ichthyo-“ refers to fish, and “bodo“ refers to the genus Bodo they used to be assigned. The disease caused by infection with Ichthyobodo species is called “ichthyobodosis“[1]. The genus name Costia is the previous name of Ichthyobodo. Since the genus Costia Kirscner 1867 in insects was published earlier than the Costia Leclerq 1890 here, the latter was renamed Ichthyobodo by Pinto in 1928[1].
Taxonomy
[编辑]Ichthyobodo necator is the first species found in this genus. It was first recorded by Louis-Félix Henneguy in 1883[2]. At that time, its scientific name was Bodo necator and was thought to have three flagella (but now we know this description is wrong). Since species in the genus Bodo only have one or two flagella, a new genus Costia was created and Bodo necator was renamed Costia necatrix by Leclerq in 1890[3]. Later, the genus was renamed Ichthyobodo in 1928 due to the conflict of the law of priority in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The current name Ichtyobodo necator was published by Joyon and Lom in 1969[4]. This genus belongs to Prokinetoplastida, which is the basal group in the class Kinetoplastea[5].
Morphology
[编辑]Ichthyobodo has two morphological types: one is free form and trophozoite. Free-forms can swim around to look for hosts. After they attach to the surface of the host cell, they become trophozoite. Usually, Ichthyobodo has two flagella, but qualdried flagella are also observed sometimes. The situation of qualdried flagella may come from the dividing cell, since they are more frequently seen in the population where cell division is vigorous[1].
Although free form and trophozoite may be different in shape, they have similar cell structures. The findings in cell morphology are only based on observation, so their functions are mostly under speculation. The opening of the cell, called the “cytostome,“ functions to ingest nutrients from the host cell. The axostyle is a rod-like structure originating from the cytostome. It is composed of microtubules and extends from the anterior to the posterior of the right cell margin. Ichthyobodo. uses an attachment disc to anchor on its host. After that, the cytostome process, which is composed of the cell opening (cytostome), the supporting structure (axostyle), and the tube (cytostomeal tube), will protrude into the host cell. One or many vacuoles can be seen near the end of the axostyle or near to flagellum pocket. Their putative functions are digesting or osmotic regulation. The flagellar pocket is where the flagella emerge. One big nucleus inside each cell[1].
Ichthyobodo has poly-kDNA[1][6], which means their kinetoplast DNA is condensed and separated into many small particles that are distributed inside a mitochondrion. There is no kDNA disk located under the basal body of the flagella.
Host and habitat
[编辑]Ichthyobodo is distributed worldwide. The host and habitat vary depending on phylogenetic lineages[7][8]. Some only lived in freshwater or seawater, some can adapt to both environments, especially those species that parasitize on salmon[9].
Ichthyobodosis symptoms in Fish
[编辑]- Flashing (feel itchy)[1]
- Listlessness[1]
- Skin discoloration[1]
- Gill deformation[1]
Treatment
[编辑]Species
[编辑]- Ichthyobodo necator (Host: diverse hosts. Habitat: freshwater and seawater)[4]
- Ichthyobodo salmonis (Host: salmon. Habitat: freshwater and seawater)[9]
- Ichthyobodo hippoglossi (Host: halibut. Habitat: seawater)[10]
References
[编辑]- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Isaksen, T. E. (2013). Ichthyobodo infections on farmed and wild fish. Bergen: University of Bergen.
- ^ Henneguy, L. F. (1883). Sur un Infusoire flagellé, ectoparasite des poissons. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, 96, 658–660.
- ^ Leclerq, M. (1890). Les microorganismes intermédiaires aux deux règnes. Bulletin de la Société belge de microscopie, 16, 70–131.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Joyon, L., & Lom, J. (1969). Étude cytologique, systématique et pathologique d'Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) Pinto, 1928 (Zooflagellé). The Journal of Protozoology, 16(4), 703–719.
- ^ Moreira, D., López-García, P., & Vickerman, K. (2004). An updated view of kinetoplastid phylogeny using environmental sequences and a closer outgroup: proposal for a new classification of the class Kinetoplastea. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54(5), 1861–1875.
- ^ Joyon, L., & Lom, J. (1969). Étude cytologique, systématique et pathologique d'Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) Pinto, 1928 (Zooflagellé). The Journal of Protozoology, 16(4), 703–719.
- ^ Todal, J. A., Karlsbakk, E., Isaksen, T. E., Plarre, H., Urawa, S., Mouton, A., & Nylund, A. (2004). Ichthyobodo necator (Kinetoplastida) — a complex of sibling species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 58(1), 9–16.
- ^ Callahan, H. A., Litaker, R. W., & Noga, E. J. (2005). Genetic relationships among members of the Ichthyobodo necator complex: implications for the management of aquaculture stocks. Journal of Fish Diseases, 28(2), 111–118.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Isaksen, T. E., Karlsbakk, E., Watanabe, K., & Nylund, A. (2011). Ichthyobodo salmonis sp. n. (Ichthyobodonidae, Kinetoplastida), an euryhaline ectoparasite infecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Parasitology, 138(9), 1164–1175.
- ^ Isaksen, T. E., Karlsbakk, E., & Nylund, A. (2007). Ichthyobodo hippoglossi n. sp. (Kinetoplastea: Prokinetoplastida: Ichthyobodonidae fam. nov.), an ectoparasitic flagellate infecting farmed Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 73, 207–217.