已沉沒戰艦列表

沉沒戰艦指1880年代至20世紀中葉建造的大型主力艦殘骸,這些艦隻或因戰鬥損毀、觸雷沉沒、在測試中被故意擊毀,或遭主動鑿沉。作為國家海上實力的具象化象徵,戰艦在20世紀各國的威望、外交與軍事戰略中扮演着關鍵角色。這種重要性直接引發了英國、德國、日本、美國、法國、意大利、俄羅斯及蘇聯等20世紀列強之間大規模的軍備競賽。
「戰艦」一詞於1880年代首次成為通用術語,用以描述特定類型的鐵甲艦,這類艦艇現今被稱為前無畏艦[1]。受1905年5月對馬海戰結果的影響,英國皇家海軍「無畏」號戰艦的服役與出海標誌着海戰新紀元的開啟,並定義了一整代軍艦——即現代戰艦[2]。這第一代被稱為無畏艦的戰艦在歐洲、美洲和日本相繼快速建造,主要海軍強國間的緊張局勢不斷加劇。然而儘管各國投入巨額資金和資源建造和維護日益增多的戰艦,這些艦艇實際參戰次數卻很少。除日俄戰爭的海戰和日德蘭海戰(這將成為主力艦之間最後的大規模海戰之一)外,戰艦之間幾乎沒有發生過決定性海戰[3]。1918年第一次世界大戰結束時,德國公海艦隊大部分艦艇被押送至斯卡帕灣,為避免艦隊被戰勝國瓜分,德軍幾乎將所有艦艇自沉。許多其他戰艦也因類似原因被自沉。
在兩次世界大戰之間,《華盛頓海軍條約》及隨後的《倫敦海軍條約》限制了各國海軍主力艦的噸位與火力。英美兩國拆解了大量老舊無畏艦,而日本則在20世紀30年代開始將戰鬥巡洋艦改裝為高速戰艦。1936年,意大利與日本拒絕簽署《第二次倫敦海軍條約》並退出先前條約,促使美英兩國啟動條約中的「自動升級條款」,允許其增加計劃建造艦艇的排水量與武裝。二戰期間的海戰見證了各國眾多戰艦的覆滅,隨着制空權被逐步視作海戰關鍵(而非巨型主力艦),戰艦逐漸失勢。部分被繳獲的戰艦被除籍、拆除武裝後當作核武器試驗靶艦被擊沉。
損失
[編輯]與戰鬥巡洋艦類似,戰艦在戰鬥中被擊沉時往往伴隨慘重的人員傷亡[4]。史上首艘純粹因炮火擊沉的戰艦是在對馬海戰中沉沒,半數艦員陣亡的俄國「奧斯利亞比亞」號。該艦遭受日艦炮彈連綿不絕的轟擊,多處炮位、司令塔及水線(或以下)部位被直接命中,最終導致沉沒[5][6]。戰艦對水雷的脆弱性也在日俄戰爭及兩次世界大戰中得到印證。旅順口戰役後,多艘俄日艦艇觸雷沉沒或為避免被俘而自沉[7]。十年後,法國海軍與英國皇家海軍在地達達尼爾海峽水域接連損失「無敵」號、「海洋」號及「布韋」號三艘戰艦,均毀於土耳其水雷。魚雷同樣具備擊沉戰艦的能力:1944年11月21日,美軍「海獅」號潛艇擊沉日本戰鬥巡洋艦「金剛」號,造成逾1200人傷亡[8];英艦「巴勒姆」號遭德軍潛艇「U-331」號以三枚魚雷命中[a],最終在彈藥庫連環爆炸後沉沒,862人喪生[11]。
儘管水雷和魚雷不斷威脅戰艦的霸主地位,但航空技術與戰術的完善最終促使航空母艦取代戰艦成為最重要的海軍艦艇。起初,大規模使用飛機進行海戰的做法未被重視,人們認為飛機不可能擊沉戰艦。儘管如此,美國和日本帝國仍嘗試在艦隊中為航空母艦賦予進攻性角色[12]。海軍航空領域的先驅之一是美國陸軍將軍比利·米切爾,他於1921年7月徵用德國戰艦「東菲士蘭」號來驗證自己的理論。儘管這些測試並未打動當時的同行,但它們迫使美國海軍開始撥出部分預算用於進一步研究[13]。1941年12月7日,日本海軍偷襲珍珠港,幾乎摧毀了停泊在那裏的美國太平洋艦隊,這使得「航空母艦次於戰艦」的觀念開始瓦解[14]。「俾斯麥」號艦長恩斯特·林德曼曾幾乎甩掉英國皇家海軍的追擊,但最終因英軍偵察機的發現而功虧一簣。儘管二戰中幾乎每場海戰都或多或少涉及水面艦艇的炮戰,但戰艦作為一國艦隊核心的時代已然終結[15]。
那些在一戰中倖存下來的同盟國戰艦,往往未能熬過戰後的動盪。德國公海艦隊於1918年11月投降並被扣押後,其水兵於1919年6月在斯卡帕灣將其自沉[16]。1918年11月1日,奧匈帝國戰艦「聯合之力」號在移交斯洛文尼亞人、克羅地亞人和塞爾維亞人國家時,被兩名不知情的意大利蛙人和在普拉港布設的水雷炸沉[17]。1942年11月27日,維希法國政府在土倫港自沉了法國艦隊的大部分艦艇[18]。
戰沉
[編輯]改裝後沉沒
[編輯]| 艦名 | 圖片 | 所屬海軍 | 傷亡情況 | 沉沒日期 | 位置 | 現狀 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 「加賀」號 | 811人陣亡[149] | 1942年6月4日[150] | 30°23′N 179°17′W / 30.383°N 179.283°W | 未知 | ||
| 「鷹」號 | 131人陣亡[151] | 1942年8月11日[151] | 38°3′0″N 3°1′12″E / 38.05000°N 3.02000°E 馬略卡島附近[151] |
未知 | ||
| 「信濃」號 | 1435人陣亡[152] | 1944年11月29日[152] | 32°7′N 137°4′E / 32.117°N 137.067°E 日本本土以南105公里(65哩)[152] |
未知 |
意外沉沒
[編輯]自沉
[編輯]作為靶艦擊沉
[編輯]腳註
[編輯]註釋
[編輯]- ^ 「U-331」號潛艇艇長、海軍上尉漢斯-迪特里希·馮·蒂森豪森認為僅有一枚魚雷擊中了「巴勒姆」號[9]。馮·蒂森豪森因此戰獲頒騎士鐵十字勳章[10]。
- ^ 「波爾塔瓦」號於1904年12月5日在旅順會戰期間被大日本帝國炮兵擊沉[19],後被日軍俘獲、打撈,更名為「丹後」號並進行改裝[20][21][22]。第一次世界大戰期間該艦被賣回俄羅斯帝國,並更名為「切斯馬」號[21][23]。
- ^ 「勝利」號與「波爾塔瓦」號一樣,於1904年12月7日在旅順會戰中被日軍炮火擊沉[24],但後被日軍打撈並更名為「周防」號,同樣進行了改裝[25]。
- ^ 麥克勞克林記載死亡人數為470人[27],而金寶記載為514人[28]。福爾奇克和麥克勞克林均未提及獲救水兵數量[4],但金寶記錄俄軍驅逐艦救起385人[28]。
- ^ 譯名參考自《第二次世界大戰戰史》[41]。
- ^ 「凱旋」號最初由智利海軍訂購,名為「自由」號(Libertad)[45]。
- ^ R·A·伯特所著《英國戰艦1889-1904》(British Battleships 1889–1904)記載「威嚴」號沉沒致49人喪生[47],而《康威世界戰艦全集1906-1921》(Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921)僅記錄40人遇難[48]。
- ^ 譯名參考自《戰役圖文史 改變世界歷史的50場戰役》[49]。
- ^ 「腓特烈·威廉選帝侯」號於1910年被售予鄂圖曼帝國,並更名為「巴巴羅薩·海雷丁」號戰艦[50]。
- ^ 在服役於希臘海軍前,「基爾基斯」號為美國戰艦「密西西比」號[76]。
- ^ 在被希臘政府購入並更名前,「利姆諾斯」號為美國戰艦「愛達荷」號[79]。
- ^ 該艦原名"彼得羅巴甫洛夫斯克"號,後以法國革命家尚-保爾·馬拉之名更名為「馬拉」號(Marat)[84],最終改名「沃爾霍夫」號(Volkhov)[85]。
- ^ 1936年,「讓·巴爾」號更名為「海洋」號(Océan),以便為當時在建的新造艦騰出艦名[120]。
- ^ "鐵必制"號傷亡數據存在較大差異:威廉·加茲克(William Garzke)與羅拔·都靈(Robert Dulin)統計約950人陣亡[133];西格弗里德·布雷爾(Siegfried Breyer)與埃里希·格勒納(Erich Gröner)記錄1204人死亡[134][135];尼克拉斯·澤特林(Niklas Zetterling)與米高·塔梅蘭德(Michael Tamelander)估算近1000人喪生[136];而約翰·斯威特曼(John Sweetman)記載該艦1900名船員中損失1000人[137]。
- ^ 該艦以「佩列斯韋特」號之名下水,1904年12月7日在旅順會戰中被俄軍自沉,後經日軍打撈修復並更名為「相模」號[189]。日本將其轉售俄國後,該艦被命名為「切斯馬」號[190]。
- ^ 安東尼·普雷斯頓記錄該艦第二次(最終)沉沒時167人遇難[191],而麥克勞克林(McLaughlin)在《俄羅斯與蘇聯戰艦》(Russian & Soviet Battleships)中給出更保守的116人死亡數據[192]。
- ^ 「河內」號爆炸導致的傷亡人數存在爭議:漢斯·倫格爾(Hans Lengerer)的期刊《戰艦「河內」與「攝津」》(Battleships Kawachi and Settsu)記載600人死亡[195],桑德爾·金塞普(Sander Kingsepp)的記載則更追加18人[196];而加德納(Gardiner)與格雷(Gray)及延楚拉(Jentschura)、榮格(Jung)與米克爾(Mickel)均記錄700人遇難[197][198]。
- ^ 1918年年中某時,「佐治王子」號更名為「維多利亞二世」號[200](名稱源自其姊妹艦HMS Victorious (1895))[48],但於1919年2月恢復原名[48]。
- ^ 「亞豐素十三世」號在其同名西班牙國王遭流放後,更名為已於1923年沉沒的同級艦名「西班牙」號[203][202][203]。
- ^ 前意大利戰艦「朱利奧·凱撒」號於第二次世界大戰後移交給蘇聯並更名為「新羅西斯克」號。[216][217]
- ^ 「葉卡捷琳娜大帝」號雖以「葉卡捷琳娜二世」號之名鋪設龍骨,但僅為形式命名[226]。後於二月革命期間被更名為「自由俄羅斯」號(俄語:Свободная Россия)。[227]
- ^ 1911年2月15日,「德克薩斯」號更名為「聖馬科斯」號,以便為新造艦騰出艦名。[251]
- ^ 譯名參考自《第二次世界大戰戰史》[41]。
- ^ 「尼古拉一世」號於1905年6月6日被更名為「壹岐」號[256]。
- ^ 1919年4月30日,「艾奧瓦」號更名為海防艦4號(Coast Battleship No. 4),以便將其艦名讓渡給一艘新建的南達科他級戰艦[265]。
- ^ 「列特維贊」號被打撈後編入日本海軍,更名為「肥前」號[271]
- ^ 被日軍俘獲後,「鷹」號被更名為「石見」號。[273]
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期刊
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新聞
[編輯]- The Sinking of H.M.S. Monarch (43866). The Times. 1925-01-22 [2017-03-11].
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