2011年航天活动列表
| 轨道发射 | |
|---|---|
| 首次 | 1月20日 |
| 末次 | 12月28日 |
| 总计 | 84 |
| 成功 | 78 |
| 失败 | 6 |
| 标识符 | 80 |
| 各国的首次 | |
| 卫星 | |
| 火箭 | |
| 处女航 | 天顶-3F 长2F/G 宇宙神5号541构型 |
| 退役 | 美国太空梭 德尔塔2重型 |
| 载人航天 | |
| 轨道飞行次数 | 7 |
| 载人航天人数合计 | 28 |
| 舱外活动次数 | 10 |
2011年的全球航天界发生了许多重大事件,包括2011年7月美国国家航空航天局的太空梭在最后一次飞行后退役,以及9月中国首个空间站原型天宫一号成功发射。2011年共进行84次轨道发射,其中78次成功。俄罗斯、中国和美国完成了全年大部分的轨道发射,分别进行了35次、19次和18次发射;2011年是中国的首次发射次数超过美国的一年。[1]2011年共有7次载人航天器进入轨道,共将28名太空人送往国际空间站。此外,天顶-3F和长征二号F/G运载火箭于2011年完成首飞,而德尔塔二号重型运载火箭则进行了最后一次飞行。
轨道级航天活动概述
[编辑]2011年共尝试了84次轨道发射,其中78次成功;80次发射进入轨道。俄罗斯和前苏联的火箭完成了35次发射,而中国则发射了19次,美国发射了18次。另外,欧洲进行了5次发射,印度和日本各进行了3次,伊朗进行了1次。
载人航天
[编辑]2011年共发射了7次载人航天飞机(四次联盟号飞船和三次太空梭任务),共将28名太空人和太空人送入轨道。这年年初,远征26乘组已进入国际空间站(ISS)。2011年的首次载人飞行是STS-133,由美国太空梭 发现号于2月24日在肯尼迪航天中心完成,这也是它的最后一次飞行。STS-133搭载了最后一个美国加压舱“莱昂纳多”号至国际空间站进行安装。发现号于3月9日返回地球。
3月16日,远征27随着自2010年10月以来一直对接国际空间站的联盟号TMA-01M飞船离开国际空间站。4月4日,联盟号TMA-21发射升空前往空间站,并运送另外三名乘组人员。5月16日,美国太空梭 奋进号执行其最后一次任务STS-134。它向国际空间站运送并安装了阿尔法磁谱仪,然后于6月1日返回地球。随着2010年12月发射的联盟号TMA-20飞船于5月23日撤离(于5月24日凌晨着陆),远征28开始了其在国际空间站的任务。6月7日,另外三名乘组人员搭乘联盟号TMA-02M飞船前往国际空间站。
最后一次太空梭任务STS-135于7月8日随着美国太空梭 亚特兰蒂斯号的发射开始,携带拉斐尔多用途后勤舱(MPLM)为国际空间站运送补给。在为空间站补充补给后,亚特兰蒂斯号返回地球,于世界标准时间7月21日09:57降落在肯尼迪航天中心的太空梭着陆设施 ,结束了总计30年的太空梭运行。在着陆前两天,亚特兰蒂斯号部署了PSSC-2,这是最后一颗从太空梭发射的卫星。
9月29日,中国首个空间站原型天宫一号在酒泉卫星发射中心由长征二号F/G运载火箭发射升空并成功入轨。尽管2011年没有进行有关天宫一号的载人飞行任务,但10月31日发射的神舟八号无人飞船与天宫一号进行了两次交会对接,以测试其系统,为2012年成功进行载人对接做准备。
9月16日,随着联盟号TMA-21脱离对接,国际空间站远征28任务结束,远征29开始。联盟号TMA-22的发射直到11月14日才进行,原因是8月份联盟号火箭的无人发射失败后,人们对其可靠性产生了担忧,导致发射被推迟。一周后,联盟号TMA-02M脱离对接并于11月22日着陆,这也标志着远征30任务的开始。当年最后一次载人发射于12月21日进行,联盟号TMA-03M将另外三名乘组人员送往国际空间站。
2011年共进行了10次舱外活动,全部由国际空间站或太空梭太空人进行。太空梭乘组的最后一次太空行走于5月27日在STS-134任务期间进行。
无人探测
[编辑]2011年启动了多项科学探索任务。2011年3月,信使号探测器成为水星的第一颗人造卫星。7月,“黎明”号航天器成为小行星灶神星的首颗人造卫星。火星科学实验室——当时有史以来建造的最大的火星探测器——于2012年11月发射,并于2012年8月成功登陆火星。[2]
发射失败
[编辑]2011年共有6次轨道发射失败,其中4次未能进入轨道,其余2次进入的轨道低于预期。第一次事故发生在2月1日,当时一架装有Briz-KM上面级的呼啸运载火箭将Kosmos2470卫星送入了一个无法恢复的错误轨道。后来,故障被追溯到Briz-KM的软件问题。
第二次事故发生在3月4日,当时金牛座XL的整流罩未能分离,导致火箭过重而无法进入轨道。辉煌号气候研究卫星以及几个立方卫星(KySat-1、Hermes和Explorer-1[PRIME])均在此次事故中损失。上一次金牛座-XL的发射是在2009年2月,当时搭载着在轨碳观测台,也因整流罩未分离而失败。
2011年的接下来几个月没有再出现发射失败。直到8月中旬,在一周的时间内,连续三次轨道级航天发射全部宣告失败。8月17日,质子-M/Briz-M上面级运载火箭搭载Ekspress-AM4通讯卫星,从拜科努尔航天发射场顺利起飞。8月18日上午,由于姿态控制系统故障,火箭上面级未能进行计划中的五次点火中的第四次,导致航天器滞留在停泊轨道。当天晚些时候,长征二号丙运载火箭从酒泉发射,搭载实践十一号04号卫星。由于二级游机与伺服机构连接失效,火箭失去控制,最终未能进入轨道。最后,8月24日,搭载进步M-12M货运飞船前往国际空间站的联盟-U运载火箭第三级发动机发生故障,同样未能进入轨道。
2011年的最后一次发射失败发生在12月23日,当时搭载子午线5号卫星的联盟号2-1b/弗雷加特上面级运载火箭因第三级故障未能进入轨道。碎片落到新西伯利亚州,其中一块砸中了一所房屋,不过没有人员伤亡的报告。
2011年11月,俄罗斯的福布斯-土壤火卫一样本返回探测器成功发射进入预定轨道,但其后佛盖特上面级出现故障,无法变轨,探测器最终于2012年1月15日在太平洋上空再入解体。该航天器是俄罗斯自1996年火星96号任务以来首次尝试开展行星际飞行的任务。与福布斯-土壤搭载同一枚火箭升空的中国首个火星探测器“萤火一号”也在此次事故中丢失。
轨道发射
[编辑]亚轨道发射
[编辑]| 发射时间 (UTC) | 运载火箭 | 火箭编号 | 发射场 | 发射服务提供商 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 有效载荷 (⚀ = 立方星) |
载荷用户 | 轨道 | 功能 | 再入时间 (UTC) | 结果 | ||
| 附注 | |||||||
| 22 January 06:10[77] |
|||||||
| MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 22 January | Successful | |||
| Aegis Radar target, not intercepted, Apogee: 100千米(62英里) | |||||||
| 28 January 10:46:00[78] |
|||||||
| Colorado | Suborbital | Astronomy | 28 January | Spacecraft failure[78] | |||
| 5 February 08:11:11[78] |
|||||||
| VPI | Suborbital | Geospace | 5 February | Spacecraft failure[78] | |||
| February[77] | |||||||
| IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | February | Successful | |||
| Two missiles with a range of 1,900 kilometres were fired into the Indian Ocean prior to 19 February[来源请求] | |||||||
| February[77] | |||||||
| IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | February | Successful | |||
| Two missiles with a range of 1,900 kilometres were fired into the Indian Ocean prior to 19 February[来源请求] | |||||||
| 1 March 21:00[77] |
|||||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 1 March | Successful | |||
| Demonstration and Shakedown Operation 22 (DASO-22) | |||||||
| 2 March 13:40[77] |
|||||||
| U.S. Army | Suborbital | Target | 2 March | Successful | |||
| Target for MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3 MSE test, successfully intercepted | |||||||
| 9 March[77] | |||||||
| MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 9 March | Successful | |||
| Tracked by STSS satellites | |||||||
| 11 March | |||||||
| DRDO | Suborbital | Target | 11 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100千米(62英里) | |||||||
| 11 March | |||||||
| DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 11 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100千米(62英里) | |||||||
| 15 March[77] | |||||||
| ISA | Suborbital | Test flight | 15 March | Successful | |||
| Test of biological capsule. Apogee: 120千米(75英里) | |||||||
| 16 March[77] | |||||||
| MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 16 March | Successful | |||
| Tracked by both STSS Demo satellites | |||||||
| 23 March 18:50:00[78] |
|||||||
| CU Boulder | Suborbital | SDO calibration[79] | 23 March | Successful[78] | |||
| 29 March 04:01[80] |
|||||||
| DLR/ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 29 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 268千米(167英里) | |||||||
| 15 April 06:52[77] |
FTM-15 | ||||||
| MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 15 April | Successful | |||
| 15 April 07:03[77] |
FTM-15 | ||||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | ABM test | 15 April | Successful | |||
| First intercept of an IRBM by an SM-3 (FTM-15 Stellar Charon) | |||||||
| 26 April[77] | |||||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 April | Successful | |||
| 27 April 08:00:00[78] |
|||||||
| WFF | Suborbital | Test flight | 27 April | Successful[78] | |||
| 6 May[82] 23:02[83] |
|||||||
| CSSAR | Suborbital | Environment monitoring | 23:09 | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 196.6千米(122.2英里). | |||||||
| 11 May 18:00[77] |
|||||||
| INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 11 May | Successful | |||
| 20 May 13:21[来源请求] |
|||||||
| Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 20 May | Successful | ||||
| Celestis | Suborbital | Space burial | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 118.3千米(73.5英里), successfully recovered. | |||||||
| 20 May 14:50[77] |
|||||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 May | Successful | |||
| Maiden flight of Layner missile | |||||||
| 10 June 11:11:16[78] |
|||||||
| GSFC | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 10 June | Successful[78] | |||
| 22 June 13:35 |
|||||||
| U.S. Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 22 June | Successful | |||
| 23 June 10:18:00[78] |
|||||||
| Colorado | Suborbital | Student experiments | 23 June | Successful[78] | |||
| 28 June 11:55[77] |
|||||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| 28 June[77] | |||||||
| IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100千米(62英里) | |||||||
| 28 June[77] | |||||||
| IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100千米(62英里) | |||||||
| 28 June[77] | |||||||
| IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100千米(62英里) | |||||||
| 28 June[77] | |||||||
| IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100千米(62英里) | |||||||
| 28 June[77] | |||||||
| IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 500千米(310英里) | |||||||
| 9 July 02:04[77] |
|||||||
| MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 9 July | Successful | |||
| Tracked by STSS Demo satellites | |||||||
| 9 July 09:00:00[78] |
|||||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Geospace | 9 July | Successful[78] | |||
| 9 July 09:00:15[78] |
|||||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Geospace | 9 July | Successful[78] | |||
| 11 July 15:35[77] |
|||||||
| CITEFA | Suborbital | Test flight | 11 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100千米(62英里) | |||||||
| 21 July 07:00[84] |
|||||||
| Stockholm/SSC | Suborbital | Atmospheric | 21 July | Successful | |||
| 21 July 11:58:00[78] |
|||||||
| Wallops Flight Facility | Suborbital | Student experiments | 21 July | Successful[78] | |||
| 27 July 10:01[77] |
|||||||
| U.S. Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 27 July | Launch failure | |||
| An anomaly was detected five minutes after launch and the flight was terminated. | |||||||
| 27 July[77] | |||||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 July | Successful | |||
| 11 August 14:45[77] |
|||||||
| U.S. Air Force | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 11 August | Spacecraft failure | |||
| Second flight of the HTV-2, loss of contact approximately 20 minutes after launch at Mach 20. | |||||||
| 27 August 03:20[77] |
|||||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 August | Successful | |||
| 1 September 13:53[77] |
FTM-16 E2 | ||||||
| MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 1 September | Successful | |||
| SM-3 Block 1B target | |||||||
| 1 September 13:54[77] |
FTM-16 E2 | ||||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | ABM test | 1 September | Spacecraft failure | |||
| First launch of SM-3 Block 1B, intercept failed | |||||||
| 3 September 09:46[77] |
|||||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 September | Successful | |||
| 15 September[85] | |||||||
| ISA | Suborbital | Biological | 15 September | Launch failure | |||
| First Iranian attempt to launch a monkey into space; failed, resulting in death of the monkey | |||||||
| 26 September[86] 03:20[77] |
|||||||
| DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 September | Successful | |||
| 27 September 07:08[85] |
|||||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 September | Launch failure | |||
| 29 September[来源请求] | |||||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 September | Successful | |||
| 30 September 04:02[87] |
|||||||
| Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 September | Successful | |||
| Travelled 2,500千米(1,600英里) downrange | |||||||
| 5 October 05:56[77] |
FTT-12 | ||||||
| U.S. Army / MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 5 October | Successful | |||
| Intercepted by THAAD missile | |||||||
| 5 October 05:56[77] |
FTT-12 | ||||||
| U.S. Army / MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 5 October | Successful | |||
| Intercepted by THAAD missile | |||||||
| 5 October 06:00[77] |
FTT-12 | ||||||
| U.S. Army / MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 5 October | Successful | |||
| Intercepted target missile | |||||||
| 5 October 06:00[77] |
FTT-12 | ||||||
| U.S. Army / MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 5 October | Successful | |||
| Intercepted target missile | |||||||
| 8 October 10:25:01[78] |
|||||||
| Boston | Suborbital | Astronomy | 8 October | Spacecraft failure[78] | |||
| 11 October 21:15:00[78] |
|||||||
| Colorado | Suborbital | Geospace | 11 October | Successful[78] | |||
| 13 October 13:50:00[78] |
|||||||
| Colorado | Suborbital | Geospace | 13 October[78] | Successful | |||
| 28 October 03:40[77] |
|||||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 October | Successful | |||
| 2 November 07:50[77] |
|||||||
| Israeli Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 2 November | Successful | |||
| 3 November 06:45[77] |
|||||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 November | Successful | |||
| 6 November 07:00[78] |
|||||||
| XQC F5 | Wisconsin | Suborbital | Astronomy | 6 November | Successful[78] | ||
| 15 November 03:30[88] |
|||||||
| Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 15 November | Successful | |||
| 17 November 11:30 |
|||||||
| U.S. Army | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 17 November | Successful | |||
| 25 November 23:00[77] |
|||||||
| INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 25 November | Successful | |||
| 27 November 09:10[89] |
|||||||
| DLR/ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 27 November | Successful | |||
| 2 December 22:00[77] |
|||||||
| INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 2 December | Successful | |||
| 3 December 07:21:31[77] |
|||||||
| Oslo/Andøya | Suborbital | Atmospheric | 3 December | Successful[90] | |||
| 10 December 10:30:00[91] |
|||||||
| Colorado | Suborbital | Astronomy | 10 December | Successful | |||
| 19 December 14:48[92] |
|||||||
| JAXA/TPU/TU | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 19 December | Successful | |||
| 19 December | |||||||
| Roshydromet | Suborbital | Meteorology Test flight |
19 December | Successful | |||
| Maiden flight of MN-300 | |||||||
| 23 December | |||||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 December | Successful | |||
| 23 December | |||||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 December | Successful | |||
| 27 December 12:00 |
|||||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 December | Successful | |||
| ? | |||||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | ? | Successful | |||
| Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 44 | |||||||
| ? | |||||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | ? | Launch failure | |||
| Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 44 ? | |||||||
深空机动
[编辑]| 日期 (UTC) | 航天器 | 事件 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9 January | Mars Express | Flyby of Phobos | Closest approach: 100千米(62英里). Mars Express made a total of 8 flybys of Phobos at a distance of less than 1,400千米(870英里) between 20 December and 16 January. |
| 9 January | Artemis P1 | Spacecraft left LL2 orbit and joined Artemis P2 in LL1 orbit | |
| 11 January | Cassini | 3rd flyby of Rhea | Closest approach: 76千米(47英里)[93] |
| 15 February | Stardust (NExT) | Flyby of Tempel 1 | Closest approach: 181千米(112英里). Observed changes since Deep Impact flyby and imaged crater created by Deep Impact impactor, as well as new terrain. |
| 18 February | Cassini | 74th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 3,651千米(2,269英里) |
| 18 March | MESSENGER | Hermocentric orbit injection | First artificial satellite of Mercury; elliptical orbit with a periapsis of 200 kilometers (120 mi) and an apoapsis of 15,000 km (9,300 mi).[94] |
| 19 April | Cassini | 75th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 10,053千米(6,247英里) |
| 8 May | Cassini | 76th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,873千米(1,164英里) |
| 8 June | Chang'e 2 | Departed lunar orbit | Travelled to L2 Lagrangian point, which it reached in August 2011.[95] |
| 20 June | Cassini | 77th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,359千米(844英里) |
| 27 June | Artemis P1 | Lunar orbit insertion | Initial orbital parameters were: apogee 3,543千米(2,202英里), perigee 27,000千米(17,000英里). Over the following three months, the orbit was lowered to an apogee of 97千米(60英里) and a perigee of 18,000千米(11,000英里), with an inclination of 20 degrees; retrograde orbit. |
| 16 July | Dawn | Vestiocentric orbit injection | First artificial satellite of 4 Vesta.[96] Initial orbit was 16,000千米(9,900英里) high and was reduced to 2,700千米(1,700英里) until 11 August. |
| 17 July | Artemis P2 | Lunar orbit insertion | Initial orbital parameters were similar to Artemis P1. Over the following three months the orbit was lowered to an apogee of 97千米(60英里) and a perigee of 18,000千米(11,000英里), with an inclination of 20 degrees; prograde orbit. |
| 25 August | Cassini | Second-closest flyby of Hyperion[97] | Closest approach: 25,000千米(16,000英里) |
| 12 September | Cassini | 78th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 5,821千米(3,617英里) |
| 16 September | Cassini | Flyby of Hyperion | Closest approach: 58,000千米(36,000英里) |
| 1 October | Cassini | 14th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 99千米(62英里) |
| 19 October | Cassini | 15th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 1,231千米(765英里) |
| 6 November | Cassini | 16th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 496千米(308英里) |
| 12 December | Cassini | 3rd flyby of Dione | Closest approach: 99千米(62英里) |
| 13 December | Cassini | 79th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 3,586千米(2,228英里) |
| 31 December | GRAIL-A | Lunar orbit insertion | Twin satellite Grail-B's insertion occurred a day later, on 1 January 2012. |
舱外活动
[编辑]
| 次数 | 航天器 | 太空人 | 开始时间(UTC) | 结束时间(UTC) | 时间长度 | 介绍 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 341. | 远征26 第1次 |
2011年1月21日 14:29 |
2011年1月21日 19:52 |
5小时23分钟 | ||
| 342. | 远征26 第2次 |
2011年2月16日 13:30 |
2011年2月16日 18:21 |
4小时51分钟 | ||
| 343. | STS-133 第1次 |
2011年2月28日 15:46 |
2011年2月28日 22:20 |
6小时34分钟 | ||
| 344. | STS-133 第2次 |
2011年3月2日 15:42 |
2011年3月2日 21:56 |
6小时14分钟 | ||
| 345. | STS-134 第1次 |
2011年5月20日 07:10 |
2011年5月20日 13:29 |
6小时19分钟 | ||
| 346. | STS-134 第2次 |
2011年5月22日 6:05 |
2011年5月22日 14:12 |
8小时7分钟 | ||
| 347. | STS-134 第3次 |
2011年5月25日 05:43 |
2011年5月25日 12:37 |
6小时54分钟 | ||
| 348. | STS-134 第4次 |
2011年5月27日 04:15 |
2011年5月27日 11:39 |
7小时24分钟 | ||
| 349. | 远征28 第1次 |
2011年7月12日 13:22 |
2011年7月12日 19:53 |
6小时31分钟 | ||
| 350. | 远征28 第2次 |
2011年8月3日 14:50 |
2011年8月3日 21:13 |
6小时23分钟 |
轨道发射统计
[编辑]按国家(区域)
[编辑]就本章节的主旨而言,每次航天飞行所属的国家以火箭的原产国为准,而不是发射服务提供商或发射场所在国。例如,西欧阿丽亚娜空间公司在南美洲圭亚那航天中心发射的联盟号火箭应视作俄罗斯的发射,因为联盟2号是俄罗斯火箭。
- 中国: 19
- 欧洲: 5
- 印度: 3
- 伊朗: 1
- 日本: 3
- 俄罗斯: 29
- 乌克兰: 6
- 美国: 18
| 国家(区域) | 发射数 | 成功数 | 失败数 | 部分 失败数 |
备注 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19 | 18 | 1 | 0 | |||
| 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 29 | 25 | 4 | 0 | 包括阿丽亚娜空间公司从圭亚那航天中心发射的两次欧洲联盟号火箭。 | ||
| 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 包括一枚从海上发射的天顶和一枚从陆地发射的天顶。 | ||
| 18 | 17 | 1 | 0 | |||
| 总计 | 84 | 78 | 6 | 0 | ||
按火箭
[编辑]By family
[编辑]| Family | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ariane | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Atlas | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Delta | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | ||
| H-II | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Long March | 19 | 18 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Minotaur | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ||
| PSLV | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| R-7 | 19 | 17 | 2 | 0 | ||
| R-36 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Safir | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Space Shuttle | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight | |
| Universal Rocket | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Zenit | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
By type
[编辑]| Rocket | Country | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ariane 5 | Ariane | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Atlas V | Atlas | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Delta II | Delta | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Delta IV | Delta | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dnepr | R-36 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| H-IIA | H-II | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
| H-IIB | H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Long March 2 | Long March | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Long March 3 | Long March | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Long March 4 | Long March | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Minotaur I | Minotaur | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Minotaur IV | Minotaur | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| PSLV | PSLV | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Proton | Universal Rocket | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Safir | Safir | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Soyuz | R-7 | 10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Soyuz-2 | R-7 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Space Shuttle | Space Shuttle | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight | |
| UR-100 | Universal Rocket | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Taurus | Minotaur | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Zenit | Zenit | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
By configuration
[编辑]| Rocket | Country | Type | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ariane 5 ECA | Ariane 5 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Ariane 5 ES | Ariane 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Atlas V 401 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Atlas V 411 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Atlas V 501 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Atlas V 541 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Atlas V 551 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Delta II 7320 | Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Delta II 7920 | Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Delta II 7920H | Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight | |
| Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) | Delta IV | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Delta IV Heavy | Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dnepr | Dnepr | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| H-IIA 202 | H-IIA | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
| H-IIB | H-IIB | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Long March 2C | Long March 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Long March 2D | Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Long March 2F | Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Long March 2F/G | Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight | |
| Long March 3A | Long March 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Long March 3B | Long March 3 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Long March 3C | Long March 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Long March 4B | Long March 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Minotaur I | Minotaur I | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Minotaur IV+ | Minotaur IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| PSLV-G | PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| PSLV-CA | PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| PSLV-XL | PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Proton-M / Briz-M | Proton | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Rokot / Briz-KM | UR-100 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Safir-B | Safir | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat-M | Soyuz-2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Soyuz ST-A / Fregat | Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat-M | Soyuz-2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT | Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Soyuz-FG | Soyuz | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Soyuz-U | Soyuz | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Space Shuttle | Space Shuttle | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight | |
| Taurus-XL | Taurus | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Zenit-2M | Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Zenit-3F | Zenit | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight | |
| Zenit-3SL | Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Zenit-3SLB | Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
按发射场
[编辑]| Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baikonur | 25 | 23 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Cape Canaveral | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dombarovsky | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Kourou | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Jiuquan | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Kennedy Space Center | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Kodiak | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| MARS | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Ocean Odyssey | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Plesetsk | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Satish Dhawan | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Semnan | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Tanegashima | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Taiyuan | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Vandenberg | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Xichang | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Total | 84 | 78 | 6 | 0 | ||
按轨道
[编辑]- Transatmospheric
- Low Earth
- Low Earth (ISS)
- Low Earth (SSO)
- Low Earth (retrograde)
- Medium Earth
- Geosychronous
(transfer) - Inclined GSO
- High Earth
- Heliocentric
| Orbital regime | Launches | Successes | Failures | Accidentally achieved |
Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transatmospheric | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Low Earth | 44 | 40 | 4 | 0 | 14 to ISS, 1 to Tiangong-1 |
| Medium Earth / Molniya | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | |
| Geosynchronous / GTO | 27 | 26 | 1 | 1 | |
| High Earth / Lunar transfer | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Heliocentric / Planetary transfer | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 84 | 78 | 6 | 1 |
参见
[编辑]参考
[编辑]
- 中国国家航天局
- 中国探月网
- Encyclopedia Astronautica
- Gunter's Space Page - Chronology of Space Launches
- 日本宇宙航空研究开发机构
- Jonathan's Space Report(SatCat.txt与Launchlog.txt两项)
- Mission Set Database (NASA GFC)
- NASA
- NASA SpaceFlight.com
- Orbital Report News Agency's Launch Logs
- Space Calander (NASA JPL)
- Southwest Space Archive
- SPACE.com Launch Forecast
- SpaceFlightNow
- Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive
- U.S. Space Objects Registry
脚注
[编辑]- ^ China Now Tops U.S. in Space Launches. Wired. 16 April 2012 [24 October 2012]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-23).
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- ^ China launches new data relay satellite. [11 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于14 July 2011).
- ^ CORRECTING and REPLACING – UPDATE: Globalstar Satellites Now Scheduled for Launch on July 13th. [12 July 2011].
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- ^ Express-AM4 Launch Failure Inter-Agency Commission Concludes Investigations. International Launch Services. 30 August 2011 [27 December 2011]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-19).
- ^ FAILURE: Russia's Ekspress-AM4 is lost as Proton-M Briz-M fails. NASASpaceFlight.com. 17 August 2011 [27 March 2012]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-12).
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- ^ Zak, Anatoly. Russian cargo ship fails to reach orbit. RussianSpaceWeb.com. 7 October 2011 [27 December 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-12-09).
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- ^ Nasa – Grail. Nasa.gov. [27 March 2012]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-26).
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- ^ China return to flight with Long March 3B/E launch of ChinaSat-1A. NASASpaceFlight.com. 18 September 2011 [19 September 2011]. (原始内容存档于2025-01-18).
- ^ 情報収集衛星光学4号機が運用終了. jwing.net. WING Aviation Press. 7 September 2018 [7 September 2018]. (原始内容存档于2025-01-18) (日语).
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U.S. Strategic Command’s (USSTRATCOM) Joint Force Space Component Command (JFSCC), through the Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC), confirmed Tiangong-1 reentered the Earth’s atmosphere over the southern Pacific Ocean at approximately 5:16 p.m. (PST) April 1, 2018.
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- ^ "Europe launches two Galileo satellites" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Bloomberg. 21 October 2011.
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- ^ 77.00 77.01 77.02 77.03 77.04 77.05 77.06 77.07 77.08 77.09 77.10 77.11 77.12 77.13 77.14 77.15 77.16 77.17 77.18 77.19 77.20 77.21 77.22 77.23 77.24 77.25 77.26 77.27 77.28 77.29 77.30 77.31 77.32 77.33 77.34 77.35 77.36 77.37 77.38 77.39 77.40 77.41 77.42 77.43 77.44 McDowell, Jonathan. S: Suborbital launches (apogee 80+ km). Jonathan's Space Page. [2 January 2012]. (原始内容存档于2010-10-14).
- ^ 78.00 78.01 78.02 78.03 78.04 78.05 78.06 78.07 78.08 78.09 78.10 78.11 78.12 78.13 78.14 78.15 78.16 78.17 78.18 78.19 78.20 78.21 78.22 78.23 78.24 78.25 Blue Book (PDF). NASA Sounding Rockets Program Office. December 2011 [2 January 2012]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于4 March 2012).
- ^ GMS: Riding on a Sounding Rocket. Goddard Media Studios. NASA. 2011-07-05 [2024-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-05).
- ^ TEXUS 49 successfully launched. Swedish Space Corporation. 29 March 2011 [2 January 2012]. (原始内容存档于2 May 2012).
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