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蜂毒疗法

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蜂毒疗法 (英语:Apitherapy 或 bee venom therapy,简称蜂疗)是另类医学的一个分支,蜂疗亦可指称使用各种蜜蜂产物,包括蜂蜜花粉蜂胶蜂王乳和最主要的“蜂毒”。目前还没有科学或临床证据可以支持蜂疗的有效性及安全性[1][2]。 蜂毒可引起轻微或严重的不良反应,包括过敏反应、过敏性休克(anaphylaxis) 或死亡。蜂疗目前不被科学界接受为任何病症的可行治疗;并且其风险大于任何潜在益处。美国癌症协会称,没有科学证据表明蜂毒疗法可以治疗癌症以及任何其他疾病 [3]

历史

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在中国、韩国、俄罗斯、埃及和希腊的传统医学界,都提及蜜蜂产物具有可能的药用价值[4][5]。 蜂毒相关疗法远在希波克拉底加伦时代就有了[6][7]。在欧洲、亚洲和南美洲的许多国家的传统医学中有用到蜂疗[8]。在中国现存最早的医学专著《黄帝内经》中记载了“蜂螯有毒可疗疾”蜂针疗法。

现代文献中,蜂毒的使用可追溯于奥地利特尔奇医生(Philipp Terč)1888年发表的文章《论蜜蜂螫伤与风湿病之间的特殊联系》[9],其内容从未经过正规临床试验验证[10]。 1890年代在布拉格大学的J. Langer作过临床注射蜂毒。1930年,则有一家德国公司商业化生产蜂毒溶液[8]

更晚近引进另类医学的疗程则归于匈牙利裔贝克医生英语Bodog F. Beck,于1935年他创造了“蜂毒疗法”一词,把蜂毒用在治疗关节炎和类风湿病[6]。贝克医生说他发现关节炎是血液缺氧引起的,而蜜蜂的毒液进入血液后会释放紫外线,可为患处提供氧气。他自己培育蜜蜂,每次在患者身上使用几十到一百个蜂刺[11][12][13]。当代对贝克医生著作的评论则是:‘书中收录了大量有关蜜蜂的有趣知识,但缺乏对蜂毒疗法决定性的内涵,不够健全,对医学没有贡献。[14][15]

苏联,1957年卫生部则批准了《蜂毒蜂疗指南》,允许使用蜂毒治疗某些疾病[16][17]。作者尼古拉·阿尔特莫夫英语Nikolay Artemov)有“科学蜂疗的创始人”之誉[18]

医学评估

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蜂疗被另类医学认为具有多种健康功效,包括蜂蜜、蜂花粉、蜂胶、蜂王浆、蜂幼虫、蜂蛹、蜂成虫、蜂毒、蜂蜡等多种产品用于养生抗病,但没有科学证据可以支持这种宣传[2]。蜂毒或蜜蜂产品对治疗或预防癌症无效[1]。 蜂毒常被另类医学用于治疗关节炎和其他疼痛疾病[19]。但目前所有的证据只是轶事、动物研究或初步证据,其中大多数方法论欠佳 [20]

蜂毒疗法在传统医学中被用于治疗各种疾病[21],其非特异性毒性[注 1]限制了对其进行科学研究 [22]。 目前,蜂疗尚未被接受为任何病症或疾病的可行治疗方法;过敏反应和过敏性休克的风险大于任何益处。据美国癌症协会称,没有科学证据表明蜂毒或其他蜂疗疗法可以治疗或改变癌症或任何其他疾病的病程[1] 。 临床试验表明,蜂疗对治疗多发性硬化症或任何其他疾病无效,甚至会加剧多发性硬化症的症状[23]

蜂蜜长期以来一直被传统医学和草药医生用于外用抗菌[24][25]。1892 年,荷兰科学家 Bernardus Adrianus van Ketel 首次证实蜂蜜的抗菌作用[26][27]。此后的研究,蜂蜜对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌具有广谱抗菌活性,但不同种的蜂蜜的抗菌效力差异很大[28][27][29][30]。 临床使用蜂蜜用于治疗伤口的相关证据,则效力品质太低[注 2],不能得到确切的支持结论[31][32]

风险

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其风险大于任何潜在益处。很常见蜂毒疗法引起不良反应[33]。频繁接触蜂毒可能导致关节病变[34]。对蜂毒敏感的族群,可因蜂毒为过敏原,引起一系列过敏反应,从轻微的局部肿胀到严重的全身性反应、过敏性休克,甚至死亡[35]

在蜂疗中使用蜜蜂蛰刺。
例如 2018年3月,一55歲的女性在接受「蜂針針灸」後出現了嚴重的過敏反應,因併發症導致多重器官衰竭而死亡[36][37]

研究人员认为,蜂针针灸疗法“不安全且不可取”[35]

参见

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注释

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  1. ^ 非特异性毒性指蜂毒对生物体产生广泛、非针对性的毒性影响,不特定针对某个器官或系统,而是影响多个生物学过程和系统。
  2. ^ 临床研究的效力,是指临床研究结果的可信度和可靠程度,以及是否能够真实反映所研究的现象。效力可以从多个方面来评估,包括研究设计、实施过程、资料分析以及结果推论之面向。各种研究设计中、随机对照试验较为可信,控制干扰因素,增加研究结果的可信度:属“效力高”。名人代言见证则“没有效力”

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Russell J; Rovere A (编). Apitherapy. American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies 2nd. American Cancer Society. 2009: 704–708. ISBN 9780944235713. practitioners claim ... bee venom can be used to treat various diseases, including several types of arthritis; neurological problems such as multiple sclerosis, lower back pain and migraine headaches; and skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and herpes. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Barry R., Cassileth. Chapter 36: Apitherapy. The Complete Guide to Complementary Therapies in Cancer Care: Essential Information for Patients, Survivors and Health Professionals. World Scientific. 2011: 221–224. ISBN 978-981-4335-66-9. 
  3. ^ American Cancer Society's Guide to complementary and alternative cancer methods需要免费注册. Atlanta, Georgia: American Cancer Society. 2000. ISBN 978-0-944235-29-4. [页码请求]
  4. ^ Silva, J; Monge-Fuentes, V; Gomes, F; Lopes, K; Dos Anjos, L; Campos, G; Arenas, C; Biolchi, A; Gonçalves, J; Galante, P; Campos, L; Mortari, M. Pharmacological Alternatives for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Wasp and Bee Venoms and Their Components as New Neuroactive Tools. Toxins. 2015, 7 (8): 3179–3209. PMC 4549745可免费查阅. PMID 26295258. doi:10.3390/toxins7083179可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ Russian Federation; In: WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Part 2; page 136. World Health Organization. 2005 [8 September 2017]. ISBN 978-9241562867. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Kim, Christpher M.H. Chapter 4: Apitherapy — Bee Venom Therapy. Grassberger, Martin; Sherman, Ronald A.; Gileva, Olga S.; Kim, Christopher M.H.; Mumcuoglu, Kosta (编). Biotherapy – History, principles and practice: A practical guide to the diagnosis and treatment of disease using living organisms. Springer. 4 June 2013: 77–78. ISBN 978-94-007-6585-6. 
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  12. ^ "Bees to the Rescue", Chula Vista Star (San Diego), 12 November 1937, p. 2. newspapers.com Retrieved 20 May 2017. 需付费查阅
  13. ^ "Even a Roof-Top Bee Will Keep You", Addison Webb, The Times-Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio), 11 July 1943, p. 2. newspapers.com Retrieved 20 May 2017. 需付费查阅
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  31. ^ Jull, Andrew B.; Cullum, Nicky; Dumville, Jo C.; Westby, Maggie J.; Deshpande, Sohan; Walker, Natalie. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015, 2015 (3): CD005083. PMC 9719456可免费查阅. PMID 25742878. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005083.pub4. Honey appears to heal partial thickness burns more quickly than conventional treatment (which included polyurethane film, paraffin gauze, soframycin-impregnated gauze, sterile linen and leaving the burns exposed) and infected post-operative wounds more quickly than antiseptics and gauze. 
  32. ^ Majtan, J. Honey: an immunomodulator in wound healing. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2014, 22 (2 Mar–Apr): 187–192. PMID 24612472. S2CID 40188613. doi:10.1111/wrr.12117. 
  33. ^ Park, Jeong Hwen; Yim, Bo Kyung; Lee, Jun-Hwan; Lee, Sangun; Kim, Tae-Hun. Risk Associated with Bee Venom Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE. 21 May 2015, 10 (5): e0126971. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1026971P. PMC 4440710可免费查阅. PMID 25996493. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126971可免费查阅. 
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  36. ^ Woman dies after undergoing 'bee acupuncture' treatment famously touted by Gwyneth Paltrow 女子接受葛妮絲派特洛大力推崇的「蜂針」療法後死亡. SFGate. [2018-03-21]. 
  37. ^ Lagerquist, Jeff. Woman's death after bee sting therapy shows the practice is 'unsafe': study. CTV News. Bell Media. 20 March 2018 [21 March 2018].