謹務
| 猶太教概述 |
| 猶太教 |
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謹務（希伯來語：צניעות，羅馬化：tzniut、塞法迪式發音:seni『ut、阿什肯納茲式發音:tznius、意第緒語：באשיידנקייט，羅馬化：basheydnkeyt）是指端莊與酌量的性格特質，以及一組與規範此類行為相關的猶太律法[1][2]。謹務的概念在正統派猶太教中至關重要[3]。
概要
[編輯]謹務（Tzniut）包含一系列與著裝和行為端莊相關的猶太律法。在《巴比倫塔木德》中，拉比埃拉扎爾·巴爾·扎多克（Elazar Bar Tzadok）將《彌迦書》6:8中「存謙卑的心，與你的神同行」的訓誡解釋為謹慎地舉行葬禮和婚禮。《塔木德》隨後擴展了他的解釋：「如果在通常公開舉行的事務中，例如葬禮和婚禮，妥拉教導我們要謹慎行事，那麼本質上就應該謹慎行事的事務，如對窮人的施捨，則多麼應該更加謹慎，不公開，不張揚。」[4]
正統猶太教則在律法層面上以更具技術性的用詞進行討論討論了謹務的問題，例如一個人可以露出多少皮膚等等[5][6][7]。這些細節強調了謹務作為一種行為準則、性質和意識的概念[8]，而其在實踐上往往更體現於女性而非男性上[9]。
參見
[編輯]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ modesty_final.pdf
- ^ Tznius: Modesty. www.chabad.org. [2025-08-22] （英語）.
- ^ Lamm, Rabbi Maurice. Modesty (Tzniut). My Jewish Learning. [2025-08-22] （美國英語）.
- ^ Sukkah 49b
- ^ Bloch, Emmanuel. Immodest Modesty: The Emergence of Halakhic Dress Codes. Studies in Judaism, Humanities, and the Social Sciences. 2018-12-01, 2 (1): 25–32. ISSN 2473-2613. doi:10.26613/sjhss.2.1.16 （英語）.
- ^ Sirbu, Rebecca. The Modesty Wars. My Jewish Learning. 2016-08-29 [2023-11-24] （美國英語）.
- ^ Urim Publications: UNDERSTANDING TZNIUT: Modern Controversies in the Jewish Community. www.urimpublications.com. [2023-11-24].
- ^ Modesty (Tzniut). My Jewish Learning. [2023-11-24] （美國英語）.
- ^ Parshat Vayishlach: Modesty in the Age of Abuse. Orthodox Union (OU Torah). 27 November 2017 [2019-03-22] （英語）.
Traditional Judaism has long maintained that the onus of protection from inappropriate and damaging relations between men and women was on women; that the laws of tzniut landed heavier on them. [Yet] I have always taught that such an understanding is misleading, shortsighted, and wrong... Men are no less responsible – perhaps more so! – for all that tzniut is. We often associate it with women more because its practice is more obvious with women.
書目
[編輯]- Saul J. Berman, "A History of the Law of Kol 'isha" In: Rabbi Joseph H. Lookstein Memorial Volume. Leo Landman, Ed. Ktav, 1980.
- Shmuley Boteach, Kosher Sex: A Recipe for Passion and Intimacy, Main Street Books, 2000, ISBN 0-385-49466-1. Written from a Modern Orthodox perspective.
- Elliot N. Dorff, This Is My Beloved: This Is My Friend: A Rabbinic Letter on Intimate Relations, The Rabbinical Assembly, 1996. Written from a Conservative Jewish perspective.
- Elyakim Ellinson, Women and the Mitzvot: The modest way. An extensive review of the laws of modesty including synagogue separation, mingling of the sexes, and women's dress. ISBN 1-58330-148-8.
- Rabbi Pesach Eliyahu Falk: Modesty: an adornment for life. Phillip Feldheim, 1998. ISBN 0-87306-874-2. Encyclopedic work on Tzeniut, although considered quite stringent by some. Written from a Haredi Orthodox perspective.
- Michael Gold, Does God Belong in the Bedroom? JPS, 1992. Written from a Conservative Jewish perspective.
- Gila Manolson: Outside/Inside. Targum Press. ISBN 1-56871-123-9.
- Gila Manolson: The Magic Touch. Targum Press. ISBN 1-58330-102-X.
- Wendy Shalit, A Return to Modesty: Discovering the Lost Virtue, Free Press, 2004, ISBN 0-684-86317-0
