阿根廷社會主義

阿根廷社會主義在其歷史上呈現出多種不同形式。該國的許多領導人都以社會主義意識形態為其政治框架，這不僅體現在阿根廷國內，也廣泛存在於整個拉丁美洲。因此，阿根廷在國際舞台上也因其社會主義歷史與領導能力而受到認可。阿根廷在庇隆主義時期對社會主義意識形態的認同，進一步強化了這種全球認知。儘管阿根廷社會主義的歷史可以追溯到某些具體時間點，但更重要的是要將其視為國際現象影響的一部分，例如第一次世界大戰、第二次世界大戰和福克蘭戰爭。如今，阿根廷的社會主義仍可在庇隆主義政府中看到，尤其體現在內斯托爾·基什內爾及其妻子克里斯蒂娜·費爾南德斯·德基什內爾的執政時期^[1]^[2]。

歷史

1946年—1974年

第二次世界大戰戰後的時代，阿根廷社會主義主要受到新任總統胡安·多明戈·庇隆所推行的社會主義模式影響。胡安·庇隆的意識形態和政策被視為「民族主義與非馬克思主義基督教社會主義的融合」^[3]。許多政治學家將庇隆主義描述為民族主義社會主義^[4]、民粹社會主義^[5]、家長式社會主義^[6]、天主教社會主義^[7]、非馬克思主義社會主義^[8]、社會民主主義^[9]。革命馬克思主義者切·格瓦拉認為，庇隆主義是「一種拉丁美洲本土的社會主義形式，古巴革命可以與其站在同一陣營」^[10]。政治學家指出：「1943年胡安·庇隆的崛起並不是阿根廷社會主義力量的終結，而是其高潮」，「許多由庇隆提出或實施的社會法規[...]最初都源自社會黨。^[11]」

庇隆建立了一個計劃性、受到嚴格管制的經濟體系，其中包括「由國有化產業和社會福利制度構成的龐大公共部門」。該體系具有再分配性質，並優先保障工人福利及賦權工會^[12]。庇隆實施了廣泛的社會政策，使阿根廷工人階級受益，例如建立完善的公共醫療和教育體系，保障工人和農民的權利，促使阿根廷工人的階級意識覺醒^[13]。庇隆主義大幅增強了工會的力量，並將其納入國家權力結構之中。同時通過將眾多產業國有化，以及對房租、能源、公共服務和食品等實行價格管制，使阿根廷工人能夠「擁有全球同階層中較高的生活水平」^[14]。

到1955年，阿根廷的實際工資相比1945年增長了60%，工資占阿根廷GDP的比例上升到50%。庇隆還縮短了工作日，強制執行帶薪年假和星期日休息法規，實施養老金制度和解僱保護措施，以及工傷賠償制度，並推行由國家強制執行的調解與仲裁程序。這些措施非常有利於工會，而使雇主處於不利地位^[14]。庇隆執政期間，阿根廷勞動者的工會化率達到42%，創下拉丁美洲的紀錄。此外，庇隆還引入地區章程，規定立法機構半數席位需由工會代表擔任。政治學家寫道，庇隆主義代表一種「非馬克思主義形式的社會主義」，試圖擺脫資本主義生產關係的主導地位^[15]。

1955年，胡安·庇隆被軍事政變推翻，反庇隆主義（西班牙語：Antiperonismo）者指責庇隆引發經濟動盪。然而，1955至1960年代反庇隆主義者執政時期也未能解決經濟動盪。這時期政變頻繁，也阻礙了阿根廷像世界主要國家那樣實現經濟增長^[16]。經濟持續衰退並伴隨巨額債務，通貨膨脹也不斷加劇，這促使1973年胡安·庇隆再次當選總統。1974年胡安·庇隆去世後，這種不安情緒達到沸點，引發了一場共產主義起義^[2]。

參考文獻

^ Vasconi, Tomás A.; Sanchez, Susan Casal. Democracy and Socialism in South America. Latin American Perspectives. April 1990, 17 (2): 25–38. ISSN 0094-582X. S2CID 145158960. doi:10.1177/0094582x9001700202.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 True False, OR Books: 101–111, 2015, ISBN 9781939293992, doi:10.2307/j.ctt207g8bt.22
^ Finchelstein, Federico. The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War: Fascism, Populism, and Dictatorship in Twentieth Century Argentina. New York: Oxford University Press. 2014: 75. ISBN 978-0-19-993024-1.
^ James, Daniel. Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976. Cambridge University Press. 1988: 241. ISBN 0-521-46682-2.
^ Underwood, Patrick. Conflict and Stability in the Neoliberal Era: Explaining Urban Unrest in Latin America (Doctor of Philosophy論文). University of Washington: 72. 2016.
^ Jean-Pierre, Arthur Bernard. The Pelican Latin American Library: Guide to the Political Parties of South America. Michigan: Penguin Books. 1973: 39. ISBN 978-0-14-021625-7. The regime that was progressively establishing itself in Argentina may be described as populist - a combination of demagogy, nationalism, opportunism and paternalistic socialism.
^ Hodges, Donald. Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 1991: 56. ISBN 978-0-292-77689-0. Consequently, Peron settled for the term 'justicialism.' The odds clearly favored his Christian and humanist version of socialism.
^ James P. Brennan. Peronism and Argentina. Scholarly Resources Inc. 1998: 28. ISBN 0-8420-2706-8.
^ Rooduijn, Matthijs. A populist Zeitgeist? The impact of populism on parties, media and the public in Western Europe. Amsterdam. 2013: 36. ISBN 978-90-9027334-1.
^ Hedges, Jill. Juan Perón: The Life of the People's Colonel. I.B. Tauris. 2021: 200–201. ISBN 978-0-7556-0268-1.
^ Ameringer, Charles D. The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. 2009: 25. ISBN 978-0-8130-3812-4.
^ Ameringer, Charles D. The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. 2009: 165. ISBN 978-0-8130-3812-4.
^ Oscar Barrera; Ana Leiva; Clara Martínez-Toledano; Álvaro Zúñiga-Cordero. Social Inequalities, Identity, and the Structure of Political Cleavages in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, 1952-2019 (PDF). World Inequality Lab – Working Paper. March 2021, (2021/11): 4.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 Chrisp, Lynne. Workers' Responses to the Argentine Crisis: The Case of a Cartonero Co-operative (PDF). Northumbria University: 111–112. July 2017. |volume=被忽略 (幫助)
^ Hodges, Donald. Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 1991: 69. ISBN 978-0-292-77689-0.
^ Military government, 1966–73. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-13）.

[1] Vasconi, Tomás A.; Sanchez, Susan Casal. Democracy and Socialism in South America. Latin American Perspectives. April 1990, 17 (2): 25–38. ISSN 0094-582X. S2CID 145158960. doi:10.1177/0094582x9001700202.

[True_or_False-2] 2.0 ^2.1 True False, OR Books: 101–111, 2015, ISBN 9781939293992, doi:10.2307/j.ctt207g8bt.22

[3] Finchelstein, Federico. The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War: Fascism, Populism, and Dictatorship in Twentieth Century Argentina. New York: Oxford University Press. 2014: 75. ISBN 978-0-19-993024-1.

[james_241-4] James, Daniel. Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976. Cambridge University Press. 1988: 241. ISBN 0-521-46682-2.

[5] Underwood, Patrick. Conflict and Stability in the Neoliberal Era: Explaining Urban Unrest in Latin America (Doctor of Philosophy論文). University of Washington: 72. 2016.

[6] Jean-Pierre, Arthur Bernard. The Pelican Latin American Library: Guide to the Political Parties of South America. Michigan: Penguin Books. 1973: 39. ISBN 978-0-14-021625-7. The regime that was progressively establishing itself in Argentina may be described as populist - a combination of demagogy, nationalism, opportunism and paternalistic socialism.

[7] Hodges, Donald. Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 1991: 56. ISBN 978-0-292-77689-0. Consequently, Peron settled for the term 'justicialism.' The odds clearly favored his Christian and humanist version of socialism.

[8] James P. Brennan. Peronism and Argentina. Scholarly Resources Inc. 1998: 28. ISBN 0-8420-2706-8.

[9] Rooduijn, Matthijs. A populist Zeitgeist? The impact of populism on parties, media and the public in Western Europe. Amsterdam. 2013: 36. ISBN 978-90-9027334-1.

[10] Hedges, Jill. Juan Perón: The Life of the People's Colonel. I.B. Tauris. 2021: 200–201. ISBN 978-0-7556-0268-1.

[11] Ameringer, Charles D. The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. 2009: 25. ISBN 978-0-8130-3812-4.

[12] Ameringer, Charles D. The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. 2009: 165. ISBN 978-0-8130-3812-4.

[13] Oscar Barrera; Ana Leiva; Clara Martínez-Toledano; Álvaro Zúñiga-Cordero. Social Inequalities, Identity, and the Structure of Political Cleavages in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, 1952-2019 (PDF). World Inequality Lab – Working Paper. March 2021, (2021/11): 4.

[lynne-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Chrisp, Lynne. Workers' Responses to the Argentine Crisis: The Case of a Cartonero Co-operative (PDF). Northumbria University: 111–112. July 2017. |volume=被忽略 (幫助)

[15] Hodges, Donald. Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 1991: 69. ISBN 978-0-292-77689-0.

[brit6673-16] Military government, 1966–73. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-13）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]