阿爾卡索瓦什和約

《阿爾卡索瓦什和約》（也稱為《阿爾卡索瓦什-托雷多和約》，Alcaocvas）在1479年9月4日由卡斯蒂利亞和阿拉貢的天主教君主和葡萄牙阿方索五世和他的兒子若昂二世簽訂。它結束卡斯蒂利亞王位繼承戰爭（英語：War of the Castilian Succession），以天主教君主在陸地上的勝利和葡萄牙在海上的勝利結束。^[1]^[2]阿爾卡索瓦什合約標誌著卡斯蒂利亞和阿拉貢大婚的確認，葡萄牙放棄支持胡安娜換來天主教雙王正式承認了葡萄牙在大西洋的霸權。

該條約旨在規範：

阿方索五世放棄卡斯蒂利亞的王位宣稱，陸上和平。
非洲海岸和葡萄牙在大西洋的優先權
天主教雙王的長女伊莎貝拉和阿方索的嗣子若昂二世的婚約，又被稱為Tercerias de Moura，且天主教雙王要以嫁妝作為對葡萄牙的補償。^[3]
赦免在卡斯蒂利亞的胡安娜支持者

批准

這個條約由教宗在1481年批准，基本上給予了葡萄牙繼續探索非洲海岸的獨享權，同時保證了卡斯蒂利亞在加那利群島的主權。它還禁止卡斯蒂利亞的船隻未經許可航入葡萄牙的航線。此條約初步劃分了西班牙和葡萄牙在大西洋的控制區域，儘管依然維持著海上的敵意，但是為托德西利亞斯條約奠定了基礎。

長期的影響

該條約確保了卡斯蒂利亞和葡萄牙幾十年的和平。儘管穩定的得到了加那利群島，但在卡斯蒂利亞的再征服運動成功之後，被迫失去了對其他非洲的渴望。因此，他們招聘克里斯多福·哥倫布向西遠航，並發現了來自美洲的財富，多於幾內亞十倍不止。此條約是《托德西利亞斯條約》的前身。

參見

條約列表

引用

^ _↓ Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius 「In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, ...」 in Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415–1580 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p.152.
^ _↓ Historian Malyn Newitt: 「All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this first maritime colonial war. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets and had clear central direction from ... [Prince] John.」 In A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668, Routledge, New York, 2005, p.39,40.
^ _↓ Mendonça, 2007, p. 102,103.

參考書目

書籍：

BOWN, Stephen R.- 1494: How a family feud in Medieval Spain divided the world in half （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, D and M publishers inc., Canada, 2011.
DIFFIE, Bailey W. and WINIUS, George D. – Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Volume 1, University of Minnesota Press, 1985.
HANSON, Carl- Atlantic emporium: Portugal and the wider world, 1147–1497" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, volume 47 de Iberian studies, University press of the South, 2002. ISBN 978-1889431888.
LUNENFELD, Marvin- The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, University of Miami Press, 1970. ISBN 978-0870241437.
MENDONÇA, Manuela- O Sonho da União Ibérica – guerra Luso-Castelhana 1475/1479, Quidnovi, Lisboa, 2007, book description （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. ISBN 978-9728998882
NEWITT, Malyn (2005) A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668, New York: Routledge.
ROBERTSON, Ian- Spain, the mainland" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, E. Benn, 1975.

記錄

PALENCIA, Alfonso de- Gesta Hispaniensia ex annalibus suorum diebus colligentis, Década III and IV （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (the three first Décadas were edited as Cronica del rey Enrique IV by Antonio Paz y Meliá in 1904 and the fourth as Cuarta Década by José Lopes de Toro in 1970).

外部連結

Treaty Between Spain and Portugal, Concluded at Alcacovas, 4 September 1479 (English translation) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
The Library of Iberian Resources Online "A History of Spain and Portugal, the Expansion"（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, by Stanley G. Payne.

[Bailey_W._Diffie-1] _↓ Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius 「In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, ...」 in Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415–1580 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p.152.

[Historian_Malyn_Newitt-2] _↓ Historian Malyn Newitt: 「All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this first maritime colonial war. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets and had clear central direction from ... [Prince] John.」 In A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668, Routledge, New York, 2005, p.39,40.

[Mendonça-3] _↓ Mendonça, 2007, p. 102,103.

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