化学战
关于与「化学战」標題相近或相同的条目，請見「化学战 (消歧义)」。
化学战（英語：Chemical warfare，CW）是利用化学物质的毒性作为武器。[1][2]这种战争不同于核战争、生物战争和放射性战争，它们共同构成了CBRN（全称：Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear），即化学、生物、放射性和核武器（战争或武器）的军事缩写，所有这些都被视为“大规模杀伤性武器”（WMD），这一术语与常規武器形成对比。[3]
根据国际人道主义法，1925年《日内瓦议定书》以及1899年和1907年《海牙公约》禁止在国际武装冲突中使用化学武器。[4][5]1993年《化学武器公约》禁止签署国在任何情况下获取、储存、开发和使用化学武器，除非出于非常有限的目的（研究、医疗、制药或防护）。[6][7]
来源
[编辑]- ^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. Fighting Chemical Weapons. France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. [2025-02-13] （英语）.
- ^ P. Lee, Steven. Weapons of Mass Destruction: Are They Morally Special?. Published Online by Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Weapons of mass destruction. FPS Foreign Affairs - Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. 2022-01-18 [2025-02-13] （英语）.
- ^ Anne Lorenzat. The Current State of Customary International Law with regard to the Use of Chemical Weapons in Non-International Armed Conflicts. The Military Law and the Law of War Review. 2017–2018.
- ^ Jillian Blake & Aqsa Mahmud. A Legal "Red Line"? Syria and the Use of Chemical Weapons in Civil Conflict. UCLA Law Review. October 15, 2013.
- ^ Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. United Nations Treaty Collection. 2018-01-03 [2018-01-03].
- ^ Chemical weapon - WMD, Toxins, Agents | Britannica. www.britannica.com. [2025-02-13] （英语）.
参考文献
[编辑]- CBWInfo.com (2001). A Brief History of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Ancient Times to the 19th Century. Retrieved November 24, 2004.
- Chomsky, Noam (March 4, 2001). Prospects for Peace in the Middle East, page 2. Lecture.
- Cordette, Jessica, MPH(c) (2003). Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction. Retrieved November 29, 2004.
- Croddy, Eric, Chemical and Biological Warfare, Copernicus, 2001, ISBN 978-0-387-95076-1
- Smart, Jeffery K., M.A. (1997). History of Biological and Chemical Warfare. Retrieved November 24, 2004.
- United States Senate, 103d Congress, 2d Session. (May 25, 1994). The Riegle Report. Retrieved November 6, 2004.
- Gerard J Fitzgerald. American Journal of Public Health. Washington: Apr 2008. Vol. 98, Iss. 4; p. 611
- Гречко, А.А. Годы Войны. Военное Издательство Министерства Оборонны СССР.Москва. 1976.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Leo P. Brophy and George J. B. Fisher; The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War Office of the Chief of Military History, 1959; L. P. Brophy, W. D. Miles and C. C. Cochrane, The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field (1959); and B. E. Kleber and D. Birdsell, The Chemical Warfare Service in Combat (1966). official US history;
- Glenn Cross, Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980, Helion & Company, 2017
- Gordon M. Burck and Charles C. Flowerree; International Handbook on Chemical Weapons Proliferation 1991
- L. F. Haber. The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War Oxford University Press: 1986
- James W. Hammond Jr; Poison Gas: The Myths Versus Reality Greenwood Press, 1999
- Jiri Janata, Role of Analytical Chemistry in Defense Strategies Against Chemical and Biological Attack, Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, 2009
- Ishmael Jones, The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture, Encounter Books, New York 2008, revised 2010, ISBN 978-1-59403-382-7. WMD espionage.
- Benoit Morel and Kyle Olson; Shadows and Substance: The Chemical Weapons Convention Westview Press, 1993
- Adrienne Mayor, "Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World" Overlook-Duckworth, 2003, rev ed with new Introduction 2008
- Geoff Plunkett, Chemical Warfare in Australia: Australia's Involvement In Chemical Warfare 1914 – Today, (2nd Edition), 2013.. Leech Cup Books. A volume in the Army Military History Series published in association with the Army History Unit.
- Jonathan B. Tucker. Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda (2006)
外部链接
[编辑]
- 官方网站禁止化学武器组织（OPCW）
- Rule 74. The use of chemical weapons is prohibited. – section on chemical weapons from Customary IHL Database, an "updated version of the Study on customary international humanitarian law conducted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and originally published by Cambridge University Press."
- Chemical Warfare information page 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期November 13, 2012，., from the Disaster Information Management Research Center of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services including links to relevant sources in the U.S. National Library of Medicine
