化學戰
關於與「化學戰」標題相近或相同的條目，請見「化學戰 (消歧義)」。
化學戰（英語：Chemical warfare，CW）是利用化學物質的毒性作為武器。[1][2]這種戰爭不同於核戰爭、生物戰爭和放射性戰爭，它們共同構成了CBRN（全稱：Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear），即化學、生物、放射性和核武器（戰爭或武器）的軍事縮寫，所有這些都被視為「大規模殺傷性武器」（WMD），這一術語與常規武器形成對比。[3]
根據國際人道主義法，1925年《日內瓦議定書》以及1899年和1907年《海牙公約》禁止在國際武裝衝突中使用化學武器。[4][5]1993年《化學武器公約》禁止簽署國在任何情況下獲取、儲存、開發和使用化學武器，除非出於非常有限的目的（研究、醫療、製藥或防護）。[6][7]
來源
[編輯]- ^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. Fighting Chemical Weapons. France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. [2025-02-13] （英語）.
- ^ P. Lee, Steven. Weapons of Mass Destruction: Are They Morally Special?. Published Online by Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Weapons of mass destruction. FPS Foreign Affairs - Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. 2022-01-18 [2025-02-13] （英語）.
- ^ Anne Lorenzat. The Current State of Customary International Law with regard to the Use of Chemical Weapons in Non-International Armed Conflicts. The Military Law and the Law of War Review. 2017–2018.
- ^ Jillian Blake & Aqsa Mahmud. A Legal "Red Line"? Syria and the Use of Chemical Weapons in Civil Conflict. UCLA Law Review. October 15, 2013.
- ^ Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. United Nations Treaty Collection. 2018-01-03 [2018-01-03].
- ^ Chemical weapon - WMD, Toxins, Agents | Britannica. www.britannica.com. [2025-02-13] （英語）.
參考文獻
[編輯]- CBWInfo.com (2001). A Brief History of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Ancient Times to the 19th Century. Retrieved November 24, 2004.
- Chomsky, Noam (March 4, 2001). Prospects for Peace in the Middle East, page 2. Lecture.
- Cordette, Jessica, MPH(c) (2003). Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction. Retrieved November 29, 2004.
- Croddy, Eric, Chemical and Biological Warfare, Copernicus, 2001, ISBN 978-0-387-95076-1
- Smart, Jeffery K., M.A. (1997). History of Biological and Chemical Warfare. Retrieved November 24, 2004.
- United States Senate, 103d Congress, 2d Session. (May 25, 1994). The Riegle Report. Retrieved November 6, 2004.
- Gerard J Fitzgerald. American Journal of Public Health. Washington: Apr 2008. Vol. 98, Iss. 4; p. 611
- Гречко, А.А. Годы Войны. Военное Издательство Министерства Оборонны СССР.Москва. 1976.
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Leo P. Brophy and George J. B. Fisher; The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War Office of the Chief of Military History, 1959; L. P. Brophy, W. D. Miles and C. C. Cochrane, The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field (1959); and B. E. Kleber and D. Birdsell, The Chemical Warfare Service in Combat (1966). official US history;
- Glenn Cross, Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980, Helion & Company, 2017
- Gordon M. Burck and Charles C. Flowerree; International Handbook on Chemical Weapons Proliferation 1991
- L. F. Haber. The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War Oxford University Press: 1986
- James W. Hammond Jr; Poison Gas: The Myths Versus Reality Greenwood Press, 1999
- Jiri Janata, Role of Analytical Chemistry in Defense Strategies Against Chemical and Biological Attack, Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, 2009
- Ishmael Jones, The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture, Encounter Books, New York 2008, revised 2010, ISBN 978-1-59403-382-7. WMD espionage.
- Benoit Morel and Kyle Olson; Shadows and Substance: The Chemical Weapons Convention Westview Press, 1993
- Adrienne Mayor, "Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World" Overlook-Duckworth, 2003, rev ed with new Introduction 2008
- Geoff Plunkett, Chemical Warfare in Australia: Australia's Involvement In Chemical Warfare 1914 – Today, (2nd Edition), 2013.. Leech Cup Books. A volume in the Army Military History Series published in association with the Army History Unit.
- Jonathan B. Tucker. Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda (2006)
外部連結
[編輯]
- 官方網站禁止化學武器組織（OPCW）
- Rule 74. The use of chemical weapons is prohibited. – section on chemical weapons from Customary IHL Database, an "updated version of the Study on customary international humanitarian law conducted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and originally published by Cambridge University Press."
- Chemical Warfare information page 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期November 13, 2012，., from the Disaster Information Management Research Center of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services including links to relevant sources in the U.S. National Library of Medicine
