Help:希臘語國際音標
下列表格显示的是在维基百科条目中用国际音标（IPA）表记的古希腊语和现代希腊语的音韵结构。目前古希腊语的发音常用希腊语罗马字转写系统表示，而希腊本土居民常用现代希腊语词句表示。
关于此语言的具体的音韵结构，参见古代希腊语音系和现代希腊语音系。
| 辅音 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 希腊字母 | IPA | 示例 | 英语近似发音 | 普通话近似发音 | |
| 古希腊语 | 现代希腊语 | ||||
| ῾ | h | ∅ | ἥρως [hɛ̌ːrɔːs], [ˈiros] | hero (仅古希腊语) | 没有相应发音 |
| β | b | v | βίος [ˈvios] | vet | 没有相应发音 |
| γ | ɡ | ɣ | γάλα [ˈɣala] | 没有相应发音 | 没有相应发音 |
| ʝ[1] | γη [ʝi] | yellow | 有 yŏu | ||
| δ | d | ð | δῆμος [dɛ̂ːmos], [ðimos] | then | 的 dē 浊音 |
| ζ | dz[2] | z | ζώνη [ˈzoni] | zero | 斯 sī 浊音 |
| θ | tʰ | θ | θεολογία [θeoloˈʝia] | thing | 没有相应发音 |
| κ | k | k | καλός [kaˈlos] | sky | 哥 gē |
| c[1] | κύκλος [ˈciklos] | 诸如 key | 开 kāi | ||
| λ | l | l | λεξικό [leksiˈko] | lie | 啦 lā |
| ʎ[3] | ελιά [e̞ˈʎa] | million | 没有相应发音 | ||
| μ | m | m | μηχανικός [mixaniˈkos] | mine | 马 mă |
| ν | n | n | νέος [ˈneos] | nine | 你 nǐ |
| ɲ[3] | νιότη [ˈɲoti] | onion | 近似于 年 nián | ||
| ξ | ks | ξενοφοβία [ksenofoˈvia] | tax | ||
| π | p | πρόγραμμα [ˈproɣrama] | spy | 普 pǔ | |
| ρ | r | r[4] | ρητορική [ritoriˈci] | trilled r，如同意大利语和西班牙语 | 没有相应发音 |
| ῥ | r̥[5] | 没有相应发音 | |||
| σ[6] | s | σύστημα [ˈsistima] | sea | 斯 sī | |
| τ | t | τηλέφωνο [tiˈlefono] | step | 的 dē | |
| φ | pʰ | f | φαινόμενο [feˈnomeno] | fly | 发 fā |
| χ | kʰ | x | χάος [ˈxaos] | loch (苏格兰) | 韩 hán |
| ç[1] | χειρόγραφος [çiˈroɣrafos] | (通常) human | |||
| ψ | ps | ψυχοθεραπεία [psixoθeraˈpia] | tips | ||
| γγ | ŋɡ, ŋɣ[7] | αγγούρι [aŋˈɡuri]/συγγραφέας [siŋɣraˈfeas] | finger | 方 fāng | |
| ɲɟ, ɲʝ[1][7] | άγγελος [ˈaɲɟelos]/εγγενής [eɲʝeˈnis] | angel | 没有相应发音 | ||
| γκ | ɡ, ŋɡ[7] | εγκώμιο [eŋˈɡomio] | good, finger | 方 fāng | |
| ɟ, ɲɟ[1][7] | εγκυκλοπαίδεια [eɲɟikloˈpeðia] | argue, angular | 没有相应发音 | ||
| γχ | ŋx[7] | άγχος [ˈaŋxos] | often ankh | ||
| ɲç[1][7] | εγχείριση [eɲˈçirisi] | sometimes ankhes | |||
| γξ | ŋks | έλεγξα [ˈeleŋksa] | thanks | ||
| μπ | b, mb[7] | εμπάθεια [emˈbaθia] | book, amble | ||
| ντ | d, nd[7] | εντάξει [enˈdaksi] | duck, under | 大 dà 浊音 | |
| τσ | ts | τσάι [ˈtsai] | cats | 擦 cā | |
| τζ | dz | τζαζ [ˈdzaz] | pads | 资 zī 浊音 | |
| 元音 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 希腊字母 | IPA | 示例 | 英语相似发音 | 普通话近似发音 | |
| 古希腊语 | 现代希腊语 | ||||
| α | a | a | αλφάβητο [alˈfavito] | tar, spa | 阿 ā |
| aː | |||||
| αι | aj | e | 介于 bet 和 bait 之间 | 白 bái | |
| ε | e | ενέργεια [eˈnerʝia] | 黑 hēi | ||
| ει | eː | i[8][9] | ενέργεια [eˈnerʝia] | seem | 黑 hēi |
| η | ɛː | ηθική [iθiˈci] | 元 yuán | ||
| ι | i | ιστορία [istoˈria] | 提 tí | ||
| iː | 提 tí | ||||
| υ[10] | y | υγιεινή [iʝiiˈni] | 绿 lǜ | ||
| yː | 绿 lǜ | ||||
| οι | oj | οικονομία [ikonoˈmia] | |||
| υι | uj | υιός [iˈos] | |||
| ο | o | o | οργανισμός [orɣanizˈmos] | hope | 我 wǒ |
| ω | ɔː | ώρα [ˈora] | 我 wǒ | ||
| αυ | aw | av, af | αύρα [ˈavra] /αυθεντικός [afθendiˈkos] | [a] 之后接[v] / [f] | |
| ευ | ew | ev, ef | ευρώπη [evˈropi] / ευφορία [efoˈria] | [e̞] 之后接 [v] / [f] | |
| ηυ | ɛːw | iv, if | εφηύρα [eˈfivra] / ηυξημένος [ifksiˈmenos] | [i] 之后接[v] / [f] | |
| ου | oː | u | ουτοπία [utoˈpia] | boot | 不 bù |
| 重音和声调 | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | 示例 | |
| 古希腊语 | ||
| á | Acute:短元音的高声调 | |
| ǎː | Acute: 长音和双元音的升调 | |
| a | Grave: 低声调 | |
| âː | Circumflex:长音和双元音的降调 | |
| 现代希腊语 | ||
| ˈa | άλλος [ˈalos] |
重音符号：其后的元音重读 |
注释
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 ‹γ›, ‹κ›, ‹χ›, ‹γγ›, ‹γκ›, ‹γχ› represent palatal [ʝ c ç ɲɟ ɲç] only before the front vowels [i] and [e]. The velar and palatal series are sometimes analyzed asallophones of a single dorsal series.
- ^ Also may have been /zd/.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 [ʎ] and [ɲ] are usually analysed as clusters of/li/and /ni/ respectively, and are also spelled accordingly in Greek orthography. Palatalized pronunciation presupposes the presence of yet another vowel after the palatalized consonant and its following /i/. If there is no subsequent second vowel, palatalization does not occur.
- ^ May be a tap [ɾ] intervocalically.
- ^ May have been /rʰ/.
- ^ ‹σ› represents [z] before [b v m r ɣ] eg:Σμήνος[ˈzminos]
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 γκ, μπ, ντ usually represent [ŋɡ~ɲɟ mb nd] when found in the middle of a Greek word, [ɡ~ɟ b d] when found in any foreign word or in the beginning of the a Greek one. eg: αμπέλι [amˈbeli], μπαμπάς [baˈbas]
- ^ The large number of mergers into Modern Greek /i/ is calledIotacism.
- ^ Letters normally representing /i/ can also indicate a palatal pronunciation of dorsal consonants when appearing before other vowels: i.e instead of velar [ɣ k x ɡ], palatal [ʝ c ç ɟ] occur (eg: γιαγιά [ʝaˈʝa], κιόλας [ˈcolas], χιόνι [ˈçoni], μαγκιά [maˈɟa]. A similar process has a palatal fricative follow other consonants; [ʝ] follows voiced consonants [v b d ð z r] (eg:χέρια[ˈcerʝa], βαριέμαι [varˈʝeme]) and [ç] follows voiceless consonants [f p θ t s t͡s] (eg:καρφιά [karfˈça], ποιος [pços], ρεβύθια [reˈviθça]). Similarly [ɲ] follows [m] under similar situations (eg: μια [mɲa], καλαμιά [kalaˈmɲa]
- ^ When following a vowel, ‹υ› represents a pronunciation with[f] before ‹θ›, ‹κ›, ‹ξ›, ‹π›, ‹σ›, ‹τ›, ‹φ›, ‹χ›, ‹ψ›, and a pronunciation with [v]elsewhere.