万民法

在古罗马法律体系和受其影响的法律传统中，万民法（拉丁语：ius gentium；jus gentium）是种适用于所有人们（拉丁语：gentes）的法律概念。万民法属于国际法的一种早期形式，并非成文法或法典，^[1]而是被认为“依照合理的国际行为标准”而由“万民”普遍遵循的习惯法，^[2]与“市民法”概念相对。

万民法被视为自然权利，或自然法。与罗马法不同，它不限于仅适用罗马公民而涵盖全部人民，因万民法的规则可源自整个人类天生的自然因由。

在罗马帝国基督教化之后，教会法也成为欧洲万民法的一部分。^[3]到16世纪时，随着欧洲各国发展出不同的法律体系，教皇的权威（英语：Papal primacy）衰落，以及殖民主义在西方境外创造从属政体，万民法原本的共同理解趋向分解。^[4]

参考资料

^ R.W. Dyson, Natural Law and Political Realism in the History of Political Thought (Peter Lang, 2005), vol. 1, p. 127.
^ David J. Bederman, International Law in Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 85.
^ Randall Lesaffer, introduction to Peace Treaties and International Law in European History from the Late Middle Ages to World War One (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 5, 13.
^ Randall Lesaffer, "Peace Treaties from Lodi to Westphalia", in Peace Treaties and International Law in European History, p. 34.

[1] R.W. Dyson, Natural Law and Political Realism in the History of Political Thought (Peter Lang, 2005), vol. 1, p. 127.

[2] David J. Bederman, International Law in Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 85.

[3] Randall Lesaffer, introduction to Peace Treaties and International Law in European History from the Late Middle Ages to World War One (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 5, 13.

[4] Randall Lesaffer, "Peace Treaties from Lodi to Westphalia", in Peace Treaties and International Law in European History, p. 34.

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