三军轻武器计划

“三军轻武器计划”（英语：Joint Service Small Arms Program）为美军在1970年代寻找M1911手枪^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]的替代品而成立的部门。

历史

在美国空军首先开始了“三军轻武器计划”（Joint Service Small Arms Program、JSSAP）以为美军寻找M1911的替代品时，数家厂商在1970年后期提供了多种9×19毫米北约标准口径手枪来参加试验。

至1980年，贝瑞塔92手枪S-1打败了柯尔特（Colt）、史密斯威森（S&W）、Star、赫尔斯塔尔国营工厂及黑克勒&科赫（H&K）提供的试验手枪^[5]^[6]。

由于陆军对试验评选中的认受性作出质疑，陆军在1984年开出了新的XM9试验，史密斯威森、贝瑞塔、黑克勒-科赫、西格&绍尔、瓦尔特（Walther）、施泰尔（Steyr）及赫尔斯塔尔国营工厂都有参加了，贝瑞塔又再赢得了这次试验，1985年成为了XM9的生产商。

可靠性问题令军方在1988年又再开始了XM10的试验，贝瑞塔依然胜出^[7]^[8]^[8]^[9]^[10]。

试验品

第一次测试

名单如下^[11]^[12]：


国家	生产商	型号	参考资料
意大利	贝瑞塔	贝瑞塔92手枪
比利时	埃斯塔勒国营工厂	勃朗宁大威力半自动手枪
比利时	埃斯塔勒国营工厂	勃朗宁Fast Action半自动手枪
美国	柯特制造公司	柯特SSP半自动手枪	^[13]^[14]
美国	史密斯威森	史密斯威森M459半自动手枪
西德	黑克勒-科赫	HK VP70手枪
西德	黑克勒-科赫	HK P9半自动手枪
西班牙	恒星博尼法乔埃切维里亚公司（英语：Star Bonifacio Echeverria）	恒星28半自动手枪

第二次测试

名单如下^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]：

国家	生产商	型号
意大利	贝瑞塔	贝瑞塔92手枪
比利时	埃斯塔勒国营工厂	勃朗宁双动半自动手枪
美国	柯特制造公司	柯特SSP半自动手枪
美国	史密斯威森	史密斯威森M459半自动手枪
西德	黑克勒-科赫	HK P7手枪
	西格&绍尔	SIG P226半自动手枪
	华瑟	华瑟P88手枪
奥地利	斯泰尔武器	斯泰尔GB（英语：Steyr GB）

参考资料

^ Kelley, Tom. Bunker Hill and Grissom Air Force Base. Arcadia Publishing. 2016-05-09. ISBN 9781439656044 （英语）.
^ Rogers, Patrick F. The Service Pistol Controversy (PDF). American Handgunner. 1983, (May/June): 56–58, 88, 91.
^ Subcommittee on Investigations (1981). In July 1981, there were 412,339 .45 caliber pistols and 127,745 .38 caliber revolvers in the inventories of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps. The last procurement of the .45 caliber pistol occurred in 1945. Since that time the existing inventory has been maintained by rebuilding and reconditioning the worn weapons. Department of Defense witnesses testified that $1.5 million is currently budgeted for the procurement of replacement components for those handguns. They also testified "field reports indicate that it is reaching the end of its maintainable life." After urging of House Committee on Appropriations, the Department of Defense, in 1978, initiated two studies to investigate the benefits of standardizing ammunition and handguns of the military departments.
^ https://ndia.dtic.mil/wp-content/uploads/2021/future/T-SA_JSSASP.pdf ^[裸网址]
^ Gangarosa, Gene. Heckler and Koch : Armorers of the Free World First. Stoeger Publications; 1st edition. 2001. ISBN 0739431773.
^ Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 4. Interest in the 9-mm handgun started in 1978 with informal Air Force testing of 9-mm pistols.[...] DOD concluded 2 years later that handgun standardization using 9-mm ammunition was feasible. At first, DOD planned to rely on the results of Air Force testing, which concluded that Beretta [92S-1] was by far the superior weapon tested. The Army, however, opposed awarding a sole-source contract to Beretta on grounds that the Air Force testing was not scientific. Since 1980, the Army has conducted two additional extensive rounds of testing the 9-mm pistol.
^ Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 15.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Dockery, Kevin. Future Weapons. Berkley; Reprint edition. 2007-12-04. ISBN 978-0425217504.
^ Thompson (2011), Chapter: "Army Takes Charge"
^ Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 112.
^ Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1; "JSSAP management committee[...] coordinated their service inputs. This study was comprisedof two principal parts, the first being the on-going Air Force Evaluation of handguns which was being conducted at Elgin Air Force Base, FL, in which various model 9mm pistols were evaluated against the M1911A1's and M15 .38 cal revolvers. The second part of the study considered a review of compilation of all existing historical reports and studies relative to pistols, hand-guns and their performance."
^ Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1
^ Firearms, Historical. - Colt Model 1971 In 1971 Colt unveiled a new modern.... Historical Firearms.
^ Modern Firearms - Colt SSP. 22 October 2010.
^ Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 15.
^ Annual Historical Review. Historical Office, U.S. Army Armament Materiel Readiness Command. 1983 （英语）.
^ Thompson (2011), Chapter: "Army Takes Charge"
^ Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 9

[1] Kelley, Tom. Bunker Hill and Grissom Air Force Base. Arcadia Publishing. 2016-05-09. ISBN 9781439656044 （英语）.

[2] Rogers, Patrick F. The Service Pistol Controversy (PDF). American Handgunner. 1983, (May/June): 56–58, 88, 91.

[3] Subcommittee on Investigations (1981). In July 1981, there were 412,339 .45 caliber pistols and 127,745 .38 caliber revolvers in the inventories of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps. The last procurement of the .45 caliber pistol occurred in 1945. Since that time the existing inventory has been maintained by rebuilding and reconditioning the worn weapons. Department of Defense witnesses testified that $1.5 million is currently budgeted for the procurement of replacement components for those handguns. They also testified "field reports indicate that it is reaching the end of its maintainable life." After urging of House Committee on Appropriations, the Department of Defense, in 1978, initiated two studies to investigate the benefits of standardizing ammunition and handguns of the military departments.

[4] ttps://ndia.dtic.mil/wp-content/uploads/2021/future/T-SA_JSSASP.pdf ^[裸网址]

[5] Gangarosa, Gene. Heckler and Koch : Armorers of the Free World First. Stoeger Publications; 1st edition. 2001. ISBN 0739431773.

[6] Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 4. Interest in the 9-mm handgun started in 1978 with informal Air Force testing of 9-mm pistols.[...] DOD concluded 2 years later that handgun standardization using 9-mm ammunition was feasible. At first, DOD planned to rely on the results of Air Force testing, which concluded that Beretta [92S-1] was by far the superior weapon tested. The Army, however, opposed awarding a sole-source contract to Beretta on grounds that the Air Force testing was not scientific. Since 1980, the Army has conducted two additional extensive rounds of testing the 9-mm pistol.

[National_Security_Subcommittee_1986_Page_152-7] Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 15.

[Future_Weapons-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Dockery, Kevin. Future Weapons. Berkley; Reprint edition. 2007-12-04. ISBN 978-0425217504.

[ThompsonXM92-9] Thompson (2011), Chapter: "Army Takes Charge"

[10] Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 112.

[11] Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1; "JSSAP management committee[...] coordinated their service inputs. This study was comprisedof two principal parts, the first being the on-going Air Force Evaluation of handguns which was being conducted at Elgin Air Force Base, FL, in which various model 9mm pistols were evaluated against the M1911A1's and M15 .38 cal revolvers. The second part of the study considered a review of compilation of all existing historical reports and studies relative to pistols, hand-guns and their performance."

[ArmyRDA_V22-12] Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1

[13] Firearms, Historical. - Colt Model 1971 In 1971 Colt unveiled a new modern.... Historical Firearms.

[14] Modern Firearms - Colt SSP. 22 October 2010.

[National_Security_Subcommittee_1986_Page_15-15] Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 15.

[16] Annual Historical Review. Historical Office, U.S. Army Armament Materiel Readiness Command. 1983 （英语）.

[ThompsonXM9-17] Thompson (2011), Chapter: "Army Takes Charge"

[18] Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 9

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