B型主序星

B型主序星(B V),也稱蓝白色主序星,是燃燒氫的恆星,光譜分類為B,光度分類為V的主序星。這一類恆星的質量通常介於太陽的2.5至18倍左右[1][2],表面溫度載10,000至30,000K[3],寿命跨度很大,大多在1000万年至9亿年左右[4][5][6][7][8]。B型恆星是非常明亮的藍色恆星。它們的光譜中有中性的氦線,在B2的類型中最為明顯,以及溫和的氫線。著名的B型主序星有瑶光、小斗二、东咸二、南船三、鸟喙四A、大陵五A和軒轅十四A等[9]。B型主序星在恒星中的占比为约0.125%[10]。
简介
[编辑]這種恆星的哈佛光譜分類法刊登在哈佛恒星测光表修订版。在初始的严格定義上,B型恆星与O型恆星的光譜存在明确界限,B型恆星的藍紫色部分缺少一條氦的電離譜線,也就是沒有He II 线(氦原子失去两个电子的状态)[11][12]。所有的光譜類型,包括B型,都有細分的數值尾碼,表示它們與下一種類型接近的程度,因此B2是B型十分級中的第三級,比B0更接近A型[13][12]。
但是,之後更精細的光譜顯示B0有氦的電離譜線;同樣的,A0也有微弱的中性氦線。隨後細分的光譜類型基於特定頻率的吸收線在恆星中強度,或是比較不同譜線的強度。例如,在MK分類系統中,波長438.7奈米的譜線強度比420.0奈米強的歸類為B0型[14]。氫的巴耳末系譜線在B型中逐漸增強,並在A2型達到峰值(最大值)。電離的矽現被用來矽分B型的恆星,同時鎂線被用來區分溫度上的差異[12]。
B型恆星在大氣層之外沒有日冕层,並且缺乏對流層。它們相比于較小的恆星(例如太陽),有更高的質量流失率,恆星風的速度大約是3,000公里/秒[15][16]。B型主序星的能量來源是CNO循環的熱核融合。因為CNO循環對溫度非常敏感,能量的來源大量的集中在這類恆星的核心,結果是對流層出現在核心。這導致核融合產生的氦穩定的與氫燃料混合在一起[17]。許多B型恆星有高速的自轉,恒星赤道的轉動速度大多在200公里/秒—350公里/秒[18][19]。
有些B型恆星,像是分類為B0至B3的恆星,顯示出有非常強的中性氦譜線。這些化學特殊恆星被稱為強氦恆星,通常他們在光球層會有強大的磁場。對照之下,也有弱氦恆星,它們的氦線強度不足並且有很強的氫光譜。其他化學異常的B型恆星有汞-錳星,它們的光譜類型是B7至B9。還有有著途出的氫發射譜線的Be星[20]。
寿命、行星系统和宜居带
[编辑]B型主序星虽然寿命短,但已经来得及支撑其行星系统的演化与成矿。B型主序星的寿命通常在几千万年至几亿年,中B和晚B型主序星可以在金属丰度高、恒星自转极快(此时金属丰度高提高不透明度、降低表面温度和光度以延长寿命,自转速度快则促进更多中外层氢气进入核心的碳氮氧循环区、提高对氢气的利用率)的加持下延寿;假如正好3倍太阳质量,通常寿命6亿年左右,即使非质量因素都最为有利,极端寿命上限也就10亿年左右(且B型主序星的延寿效果实际上已经不如A/F型主序星);而对于约2.5倍太阳质量的靠近B/A边界的B9.5V的恒星,其主序星阶段的理论极端寿命可以被延长到11亿年~13亿年以上(天文研究资料例如astro.vaporia.com甚至将B型主序星的寿命上限计算为15亿年以上[5])[21][22][23]。对早B型主序星(B0V、B1V和部分B2V)而言,自转速度快仍然可以延寿,但是金属丰度高反而可能缩短寿命(大质量恒星的金属丰度过高导致恒星核心的碳氮氧元素浓度太大,而早B型主序星的核心温度又过高,碳氮氧循环的核聚变过程反而失控而加速;以及金属丰度过高导致其恒星风等因素下质量损失过重,其损失的又是以外壳的氢层燃料为主,也造成缩短寿命;虽然质量受损而减小又延长寿命,但往往冲抵不了之前的寿命缩短[24];此时低金属丰度+高速自转可能为延寿效果最长的组合),靠近O/B边界的B0V的寿命通常在600万年至1500万年左右。[21][23][4][6][7][8][25][26][22]
大质量恒星的初始岩屑盘质量更大,在相同金属元素比例下则金属总质量更大、固体供给更充足,可以提高固体碰撞增长的速度、从而提高行星/卫星拥有的金属核质量比例,在其他条件相当时加速岩石星球的核芯增长与行星/卫星胚胎形成。这对该类恒星的行星系统的初始演化和富集矿物具有优势[27],之后则劣势明显——主序星寿命太短、行星系统的演化时间不足,更强的恒星风(A型主序星的恒星风和耀斑活动比F/G/K/M恒星更弱,但从B型主序星开始则恒星风和恒星剧烈活动逐渐显著增强[16][28][29][30][31][32])和极高频率电磁辐射(重力昏暗虽然可以减轻恒星赤道面的紫外辐射和表面温度,但只能让A型主序星和F型主序星变得宜居,难以缓解2.5倍以上太阳质量的B型恒星的紫外辐射和X射线[33][34])对行星大气层和岩石层的破坏较为严重。[35][23]
目前已发现的拥有系外行星的B型主序星有HD 142250(HIP 77900,约3.74倍太阳质量,B6V主序脉动变星,其伴星介于行星与褐矮星之间)、HD 195689(KELT-9)、HD 129116(HIP 71865,是双星系统且主星质量为太阳的约6倍左右、光谱为B3V,b Centauri b为其行星)、HIP 78530、HIP 79098、HD 100546等。[36][37][38][27]由于观测条件的限制(类地行星对相对较大质量恒星的引力扰动和光线扰动都太弱,难以观测),目前发现的大多为类木行星,但不排除其有大质量的岩石卫星。约2.75倍太阳质量的B9V恒星的宜居带距离大约在 4—9 天文单位 左右,假如位于宜居带外侧且初始温室气体浓度较高、此后逐渐下降,在极端有利条件(假设主序星在极高金属丰度、极快恒星自转下延寿,且宜居带外侧星球的温室气体浓度变化合理,相当于把主序星阶段的90%以上的时间都用上)下可能有9~11亿年以上的演化时间,但以地球的生命演化速度来看,即便如此也仅能有类似于细菌、古菌、蓝藻等的原始生物;约18倍太阳质量的B0V恒星的宜居带距离大约在 110—250 天文单位左右,即使在极端有利条件下也仅有1500万年左右的演化时间,其宜居带只具有天文学意义而几乎没有行星学/生命学意义。[39][40][25][26]
相關條目
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