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房室结

维基百科,自由的百科全书
房室結
图中蓝色部分为心脏传导系统(房室结为图中的2)
标识字符
拉丁文Nodus atrioventricularis
縮寫AV node
MeSHD001283
TA98A12.1.06.004
TA23954
FMAFMA:9478
解剖學術語

房室结 (英語:Atrioventricular node,A-V node)是正常情况下兴奋(神經電訊)由心房传至心室的唯一途径。它位于右心房科赫三角(triangle of Koch)的心内膜深面,其前端发出房室束。其主要功能是将窦房结(S-A node)传来的兴奋发生短暂延搁再传向心室,保证心房收缩后再开始心室收缩。

解剖

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房室结是心脏传导系统的关键中继站,位于房间隔的下部、冠状窦的开口前上方,中心处于科赫三角内(三角边界为三尖瓣隔瓣、冠状窦口和房间隔的膜部)[1]。该结构呈椭圆形,尺寸约为1×3×5毫米[2]

血供与发育

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房室结的血供主要来自房室结动脉,约80–90%的人群中该动脉起源于右冠状动脉,其余则发自左回旋支,这与冠状动脉的“优势型”分布密切相关[3][4][5]。在胚胎的发育中,骨形态发生蛋白的信号通路通过Alk3受体调控房室结的形成,该通路的异常与Ebstein畸形房室传导阻滞先天性心脏病相关[6]

功能

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房室结接受来自右心房的两条电输入:后方经过界嵴,前方经过房间隔[7]

其主要功能包括:

  • 生理性延迟:将心房传来的电冲动延迟一定时间,确保心房收缩完毕后再触发心室收缩,让房室按顺序激动,其传导速度仅有0.1米每秒(心房肌的四分之一)[8]
  • 递减传导:当心房率过快(如房颤房扑)时,房室结传导速度随刺激的频率增加而减慢,从而保护心室免受过度快速的心房电活动影响[9][10]
  • 备用起搏点:其固有节律为40–60次/分,若窦房结功能丧失,可暂时维持心室收缩[11]

房室结内经常存在有快慢双传导路径,这是房室结折返性心动过速的电生理基础。快路径传导快但不应期长,慢路径传导慢但不应期短,两者构成了一条折返环路[12]

临床意义

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Full Size Picture triangle of-Koch.jpg. TheFreeDictionary.com. [2025-12-12] (英语). 
  2. ^ Full Size Picture triangle of-Koch.jpg. TheFreeDictionary.com. [2025-12-12] (英语). 
  3. ^ Hauwaert, L. G. Van der; Stroobandt, R.; Verhaeghe, L. Arterial blood supply of the atrioventricular node and main bundle.. Heart. 1972-10-01, 34 (10) [2025-12-12]. ISSN 1355-6037. PMC 458545可免费查阅. PMID 5086972. doi:10.1136/hrt.34.10.1045 (英语). 
  4. ^ Pejković, B; Krajnc, I; Anderhuber, F; Košutić, D. Anatomical Aspects of the Arterial Blood Supply to the Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Nodes of the Human Heart. Journal of International Medical Research. 2008-07-01, 36 (4) [2025-12-12]. ISSN 0300-0605. doi:10.1177/147323000803600410 (英语). 
  5. ^ Saremi, Farhood; Abolhoda, Amir; Ashikyan, Oganes; Milliken, Jeffrey C.; Narula, Jagat; Gurudevan, Swaminatha V.; Kaushal, Khushboo; Raney, Aidan. Arterial Supply to Sinuatrial and Atrioventricular Nodes: Imaging with Multidetector CT. Radiology. 2008-01, 246 (1) [2025-12-12]. ISSN 0033-8419. doi:10.1148/radiol.2461070030. 
  6. ^ Stroud, Dina Myers; Gaussin, Vinciane; Burch, John B. E.; Yu, Cindy; Mishina, Yuji; Schneider, Michael D.; Fishman, Glenn I.; Morley, Gregory E. Abnormal conduction and morphology in the atrioventricular node of mice with atrioventricular canal targeted deletion of Alk3/Bmpr1a receptor. Circulation. 2007-11-27, 116 (22) [2025-12-12]. ISSN 1524-4539. PMC 2947829可免费查阅. PMID 17998461. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696583. 
  7. ^ Fuster, Valentin; Rydén, Lars E; Asinger, Richard W; Cannom, David S; Crijns, Harry J; Frye, Robert L; Halperin, Jonathan L; Kay, G.Neal; Klein, Werner W; Lévy, Samuel; McNamara, Robert L. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. JACC. 2001-10, 38 (4) [2025-12-12]. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01587-X. 
  8. ^ 王庭槐 罗自强 沈霖霖 管又飞 武宇明. 生理学 第9版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社. 2018: 106页. ISBN 978-7-117-26659-8.
  9. ^ Lecture notes on cardiology. Internet Archive. Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Science. 2002. ISBN 978-0-86542-864-5. 
  10. ^ Patterson, Eugene; Scherlag, Benjamin J. Decremental Conduction in the Posterior and Anterior AV Nodal Inputs. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology. 2002-10-01, 7 (2) [2025-12-12]. ISSN 1572-8595. doi:10.1023/A:1020833604423 (英语). 
  11. ^ Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. Textbook of medical physiology: online access + interactive extras: studentconsult.com. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier, Saunders. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0. 
  12. ^ Gray, Huon H.; Keith D. Dawkins; Iain A. Simpson; John M. Morgan (2002). Lecture Notes on Cardiology. Boston: Blackwell Science. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-86542-864-5.
  13. ^ Benson, D. Woodrow. Genetics of atrioventricular conduction disease in humans. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 2004, 280A (2) [2025-12-12]. ISSN 1552-4892. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20099 (英语). 
  14. ^ Atrioventricular Node Reentrant Tachycardia. 2018-01-01 [2025-12-12]. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809657-4.99780-1 (美国英语). 
  15. ^ Sharma, Gaurav; Linden, Michael D.; Schultz, Daniel S.; Inamdar, Kedar V. Cystic tumor of the atrioventricular node: an unexpected finding in an explanted heart. Cardiovascular Pathology. 2010-05-01, 19 (3) [2025-12-12]. ISSN 1054-8807. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2008.10.011.